1. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 1 Lecture 10 l Goals:  Exploit Newton’s 3 rd Law in problems with friction  Employ Newton’s Laws in 2D problems with circular motion Assignment: HW5, (Chapter 7, due 2/24, Wednesday) For Tuesday: Finish reading Chapter 8, First four sections in Chapter 9

2. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 2 Example: Friction and Motion l A box of mass m 1 = 1 kg is being pulled by a horizontal string having tension T = 40 N. It slides with friction (  k = 0.5) on top of a second box having mass m 2 = 2 kg, which in turn slides on a smooth (frictionless) surface.  What is the acceleration of the bottom box ? Key Question: What is the force on mass 2 from mass 1? m2m2m2m2 T m1m1m1m1  slides with friction (  k =0.5  ) slides without frictiona = ? v

3. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 3 Example Solution l First draw FBD of the top box: m1m1 N1N1 m1gm1g T f k =  K N 1 =  K m 1 g v

4. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 4 l Newtons 3 rd law says the force box 2 exerts on box 1 is equal and opposite to the force box 1 exerts on box 2. m1m1 f f 1,2 =  K m 1 g = 5 N m2m2 f 2,1 = -f 1,2 l As we just saw, this force is due to friction: Example Solution Action Reaction

5. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 5 l Now consider the FBD of box 2: m2m2 f 2,1 =  k m 1 g m2gm2g N2N2 N 1 = m 1 g Example Solution

6. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 6 l Finally, solve F x = ma x in the horizontal direction: m2m2 f 2,1 =  K m 1 g  K m 1 g = m 2 a x Example Solution = 2.5 m/s 2

7. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 7 Home Exercise Friction and Motion, Replay A box of mass m 1 = 1 kg, initially at rest, is now pulled by a horizontal string having tension T = 10 N. This box (1) is on top of a second box of mass m 2 = 2 kg. The static and kinetic coefficients of friction between the 2 boxes are  s =1.5 and  k = 0.5. The second box can slide freely (frictionless) on an smooth surface. Question: Compare the acceleration of box 1 to the acceleration of box 2? m2m2 T m1m1  friction coefficients  s =1.5 and  k =0.5 slides without friction a2a2 a1a1

8. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 8 Home Exercise Friction and Motion, Replay in the static case A box of mass m 1 = 1 kg, initially at rest, is now pulled by a horizontal string having tension T = 10 N. This box (1) is on top of a second box of mass m 2 = 2 kg. The static and kinetic coefficients of friction between the 2 boxes are  s =1.5 and  k = 0.5. The second box can slide freely on an smooth surface (frictionless). In the case of “no slippage” what is the maximum frictional force between boxes 1 & 2? m2m2 T m1m1  friction coefficients  s =1.5 and  k =0.5 slides without friction a2a2 a1a1

9. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 9 Home Exercise Friction and Motion f s = 10 N and the acceleration of box 1 is Acceleration of box 2 equals that of box 1, with |a| = |T| / (m 1 +m 2 ) and the frictional force f is m 2 a (Notice that if T were in excess of 15 N then it would break free) m2m2 T m1m1  friction coefficients  s =1.5 and  k =0.5 slides without friction a2a2 a1a1 T g m 1 g N fSfS f S   S N =  S m 1 g = 1.5 x 1 kg x 10 m/s 2 which is 15 N (so m 2 can’t break free)

10. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 10 Exercise Tension example A. T a = ½ T b B. T a = 2 T b C. T a = T b D. Correct answer is not given Compare the strings below in settings (a) and (b) and their tensions.

11. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 11 Problem 7.34 Hint (HW 6) Suggested Steps l Two independent free body diagrams are necessary l Draw in the forces on the top and bottom blocks l Top Block  Forces: 1. normal to bottom block 2. weight 3. rope tension and 4. friction with bottom block (model with sliding) l Bottom Block  Forces: 1. normal to bottom surface 2. normal to top block interface 3. rope tension (to the left) 4. weight (2 kg) 5. friction with top block 6. friction with surface 7. 20 N Use Newton's 3rd Law to deal with the force pairs (horizontal & vertical) between the top and bottom block.

12. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 12 On to Chapter8 Reprisal of : Uniform Circular Motion For an object moving along a curved trajectory with constant speed a = a r (radial only) |a r |= vt2vt2 r arar v

13. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 13 Non-uniform Circular Motion For an object moving along a curved trajectory, with non-uniform speed a = a r + a t (radial and tangential) arar atat dt d| | v |a t |= |a r |= vT2vT2 r

14. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 14 Key steps l Identify forces (i.e., a FBD) l Identify axis of rotation l Apply conditions (position, velocity & acceleration)

15. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 15 Example The pendulum Consider a person on a swing: When is the tension on the rope largest? And at that point is it : (A) greater than (B) the same as (C) less than the force due to gravity acting on the person? axis of rotation

16. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 16 Example Gravity, Normal Forces etc. vTvT mgmg T at bottom of swing v T is max F r = m a c = m v T 2 / r = T - mg T = mg + m v T 2 / r T > mg mgmg T at top of swing v T = 0 F r = m 0 2 / r = 0 = T – mg cos  T = mg cos  T < mg  axis of rotation y x

17. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 17 Conical Pendulum (very different) l Swinging a ball on a string of length L around your head (r = L sin  ) axis of rotation  F r = ma r = T sin   F z = 0 = T cos  – mg so T = mg / cos  (> mg) ma r = (mg / cos  ) (sin  ) a r = g tan  v T 2 /r  v T = (gr tan  ) ½ Period: t = 2  r / v T =2  (r cot  /g) ½ = 2  (L cos  /g) ½ r L

18. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 18 Conical Pendulum (very different) l Swinging a ball on a string of length L around your head axis of rotation Period: t = 2  r / v T =2  (r cot  /g) ½ = 2  (L cos  / g ) ½ = 2  (5 cos  / 9.8 ) ½ = 4.38 s = 2  (5 cos  / 9.8 ) ½ = 4.36 s = 2  (5 cos 1  / 9.8 ) ½ = 4.32 s r L

19. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 19 A match box car is going to do a loop-the-loop of radius r. What must be its minimum speed v t at the top so that it can manage the loop successfully ? Another example of circular motion Loop-the-loop 1

20. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 20 To navigate the top of the circle its tangential velocity v T must be such that its centripetal acceleration at least equals the force due to gravity. At this point N, the normal force, goes to zero (just touching). Loop-the-loop 1 F r = ma r = mg = mv T 2 /r v T = (gr) 1/2 mgmg vTvT

21. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 21 The match box car is going to do a loop-the-loop. If the speed at the bottom is v B, what is the normal force, N, at that point? Hint: The car is constrained to the track. Loop-the-loop 2 mgmg v N F r = ma r = mv B 2 /r = N - mg N = mv B 2 /r + mg

22. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 22 Once again the car is going to execute a loop-the-loop. What must be its minimum speed at the bottom so that it can make the loop successfully? This is a difficult problem to solve using just forces. We will skip it now and revisit it using energy considerations later on… Loop-the-loop 3

23. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 23 Home Exercise Swinging around a ball on a rope in a “nearly” horizontal circle over your head. Eventually the rope breaks. If the rope breaks at 64 N, the ball’s mass is 0.10 kg and the rope is 0.10 m How fast is the ball going when the rope breaks? (neglect mg contribution, 1 N << 40 N) (mg = 1 N) T = 40 N F r = m v T 2 / r ≈ T v T = (r F r / m) 1/2 v T = (0.10 x 64 / 0.10) 1/2 m/s v T = 8 m/s

24. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 24 Example, Circular Motion Forces with Friction (recall ma r = m |v T | 2 / r F f ≤  s N ) l How fast can the race car go? (How fast can it round a corner with this radius of curvature?) m car = 1600 kg  S = 0.5 for tire/road r = 80 m g = 10 m/s 2 r

25. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 25 l Only one force is in the horizontal direction: static friction x-dir: F r = ma r = -m |v T | 2 / r = F s = -  s N (at maximum) y-dir: ma = 0 = N – mg N = mg v T = (  s m g r / m ) 1/2 v T = (  s g r ) 1/2 = (  x 10 x 80) 1/2 v T = 20 m/s Example N mgmg FsFs m car = 1600 kg  S = 0.5 for tire/road r = 80 m g = 10 m/s 2 y x

26. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 26 A horizontal disk is initially at rest and very slowly undergoes constant angular acceleration. A 2 kg puck is located a point 0.5 m away from the axis. At what angular velocity does it slip (assuming a T << a r at that time) if  s =0.8 ? l Only one force is in the horizontal direction: static friction x-dir: F r = ma r = -m |v T | 2 / r = F s = -  s N (at  ) y-dir: ma = 0 = N – mg N = mg v T = (  s m g r / m ) 1/2 v T = (  s g r ) 1/2 = (  x 10 x 0.5) 1/2 v T = 2 m/s   = v T / r = 4 rad/s Another Example m puck = 2 kg  S = 0.8 r = 0.5 m g = 10 m/s 2 y x N mgmg FsFs

27. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 27 Banked Curves In the previous car scenario, we drew the following free body diagram for a race car going around a curve on a flat track. n mgmg FfFf What differs on a banked curve?

28. Physics 207: Lecture 10, Pg 28 Lecture 10 Assignment: HW5, (Chapters 7, due 2/24, Wednesday) For Tuesday: Finish reading Chapter 8 and start Chapter 9