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Slides Industrial Organization: Markets and Strategies Paul Belleflamme and Martin Peitz © Cambridge University Press 2009 R&D and intellectual property Part VII. R&D and intellectual property Innovation and R&D Chapter 18. Innovation and R&D MATH SLIDES
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© Cambridge University Press 2010 2 Asymmetric patent races Model Innovation marginal cost from c 0 to c 1 < c 0 Profits (per unit of time; time is continuous) When innovation affects market structure Chapter 18M - When innovation affects market structure
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© Cambridge University Press 2010 3 Asymmetric patent races (cont’d) Model (cont’d) At each point in time, firm k spends x k on R&D k = I (incumbent) or E (entrant) Determines firm’s probability of success: h(x) With h(0) = 0, h’ > 0, h” < 0 lim x h’(x) = 0, lim x 0 h’(x) = Stochastic process of Poisson type memoryless time has no effect At each date t, if neither firm has made a discovery, the game starting at this moment is identical to the initial game. Equilibrium strategies are constant over time. When innovation affects market structure Chapter 18M - When innovation affects market structure
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© Cambridge University Press 2010 4 Asymmetric patent races (cont’d) Probability no firm makes a discovery before t Assume race starts at date 0 and use Poisson process (x k ): date of success given R&D expenditure x k Probability that no firm succeeded at date t We can compute the PDV of the expected profit over time for the 2 firms: V I (x I,x E ) and V E (x I,x E ) When innovation affects market structure Chapter 18M - When innovation affects market structure
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© Cambridge University Press 2010 5 Asymmetric patent races (cont’d) PDV of expected profits over time Nash equilibrium When innovation affects market structure Chapter 18M - When innovation affects market structure No innovation Incumbent is 1 st to innovate Entrant is 1 st to innovate Discounted to t
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© Cambridge University Press 2010 6 Asymmetric patent races (cont’d) Equilibrium depends on balance between Efficiency effect Efficiency effect higher incentives for incumbent Net flow profit incumbent receives by preempting the entrant is larger than what the entrant gains by being first. Replacement effect Replacement effect lower incentives for incumbent The marginal productivity of R&D expenditure for the incumbent decreases with its initial profits. Intuition: x I incumbent moves discovery date forward hastens its own replacement When innovation affects market structure Chapter 18M - When innovation affects market structure
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© Cambridge University Press 2010 7 Asymmetric patent races (cont’d) Net effect is not clear, except for extremes Minor innovation + h(x) almost linear Efficiency effect dominates R&D is high, discovery is made early. Incumbent concerned with possible innovation by entrant Replacement effect not important Major innovation Replacement effect dominates If entrant discovers major innovation, it becomes a de facto monopolist. Efficiency effect disappears. creative destruction Schumpeter’s concept of creative destruction. When innovation affects market structure Chapter 18M - When innovation affects market structure
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