1. Surgical instruments Dr. Abdussalam M jahan ENT depart, Misurata university, faculty of medicine

2. Laryngoscope : An endoscope containing a blade to depress the tongue, and light for illumination and examination of the larynx. Uses: Used pre operatively during intubation. Used post operatively to clean the oral cavity from any secretion. Problems: Battery depending

3. Endotracheal tube endotracheal tube an AIRWAY catheter inserted in the trachea during endotracheal INTUBATION to assure patency of the upper airway by allowing for removal of secretions and maintenance of an adequate air passage. Endotracheal intubation may be accomplished through the mouth, or through the nose. Numerous different endotracheal tubes are available. AIRWAY INTUBATION

4. Tubes for adults are almost always “cuffed” to prevent air and aspiration leakage and allow for their use with a mechanical ventilator. (Pediatric tubes are not cuffed, since the airway is narrower at the distal end.) The cuff is a balloon like device that fits over the lower end of the tube and is attached to a narrow tube that extends outside the body and allows for inflation of the cuff.

5. Once the cuff is inflated there is no flow of air through the trachea other than that going through the endotracheal tube. Care should be taken not to overinflate the cuff.

6. Uses: 1-Assure patency of air way. 2-Allow passage of oxygen. 3-Allow passage of anesthetic gases. 4-Help in suction of secretions from lower air way. Complications: 1-Prolonged intubation may lead to sub glottic stenosis. 2-Can be blocked. 3-Infections.

7. Tracheostomy Tube: A tracheostomy tube is a hollow tube, with or without a cuff, that is inserted directly into the trachea through a surgical incision (tracheostomy). A number of tracheostomy tubes are available for neonatal, pediatric, and adult uses. Early tubes were made of materials such as steel, silver, and rubber. Currently, tracheostomy tubes are increasingly made from plastic and similar materials, which are lightweight and comfortable for patients. They also provide variety in function and help reduce complications.

8. Uses: 1-Used in tracheostomy operation to by pass upper air way obstruction. 2-decrease complications of prolonged intubation. 3-Help in cleaning of lower air way. 4-Prevent closure of stoma. Complications: 1-Infection and inflammation. 2-Blockage.

10. Ambu bag : A self-reinflating bag used during resuscitation.

11. Mouth gag: Surgical device used post operatively to maintain the upper air way open.

12. Urine catheter: ( Foley catheter) a latex, polyurethane, or silicone tube inserted into a patient's bladder via the urethralatexpolyurethanesiliconebladderurethra

13. Uses: 1-Catheterization allows the patient's urine to drain freely from the bladder for collection. 2-It may be used to inject liquids used for treatment or diagnosis of bladder conditions. 3-Patient in ICU to monitoring the urine out put. 4-Intra operative in long operations. 5-Patient complaining urinary of obstruction. urine

14. Complications: 1- Urinary tract infections (UTI). 2- Wrong cathetrization which lead to urethral injury. 3- Obstruction.

15. Urine bag: Nylon made, used to collect the urine.

16. Plastic catheter: Plastic made used for suction.