1. Copyright 2003 Scott/Jones Publishing Making Decisions

2. Chapter 4 slide 2 4.1 Relational Operators Used to compare numbers to determine relative order Operators: > Greater than < Less than >= Greater than or equal to <= Less than or equal to == Equal to != Not equal to

3. Chapter 4 slide 3 Relational Expressions Boolean expressions – true or false Examples: 12 > 5 is true 7 <= 5 is false if x is 10, then x == 10 is true, x != 8 is true, and x == 8 is false

4. Chapter 4 slide 4 Relational Expressions Can be assigned to a variable: result = x <= y; Assigns 0 for false, 1 for true Do not confuse = and ==

5. Chapter 4 slide 5 4.2 The if Statement Allows statements to be conditionally executed or skipped over Models the way we mentally evaluate situations: –“If it is raining, take an umbrella.” Format: if (expression) statement;

6. Chapter 4 slide 6 if statement – what happens To evaluate: if (expression) statement; If (expression) is true, then statement is executed. If (expression) is false, then statement is skipped.

7. Chapter 4 slide 7 if statement – what happens expression statement expression is true expression is false

8. Chapter 4 slide 8 if statement notes Do not place ; after (expression) Place statement; on a separate line after (expression), indented: if (score > 90) grade = 'A'; Don’t test float s for equality 0 is false ; any other value is true

9. Chapter 4 slide 9 4.4 Expanding the if Statement To execute > 1 statement as part of an if statement, enclose them in { } : if (score > 90) { grade = 'A'; cout << "Good Job!\n"; } { } creates a block of code

10. Chapter 4 slide 10 4.5 The if/else Statement Allows choice between statements if (expression) is true or false Format: if (expression) statement1; // or block else statement2; // or block

11. Chapter 4 slide 11 if/else – what happens To evaluate: if (expression) statement1; else statement2; If (expression) is true, then statement1 is executed and statement2 is skipped. If (expression) is false, then statement1 is skipped and statement2 is executed.

12. Chapter 4 slide 12 if/else – what happens expression statement1 expression is true expression is false statement2

13. Chapter 4 slide 13 4.6 The if/else if Statement Chain of if statements that test in order until one is found to be true Also models thought processes: –“If it is raining, take an umbrella, else, if it is windy, take a hat, else, take sunglasses”

14. Chapter 4 slide 14 if/else if format if (expression) statement1; // or block else if (expression) statement2; // or block.. // other else ifs. else if (expression) statementn; // or block

15. Chapter 4 slide 15 4.9 Nested if Statements An if statement that is part of the if or else part of another if statement Can be used to evaluate > 1 data item or condition: if (score < 100) { if (score > 90) grade = 'A'; }

16. Chapter 4 slide 16 Notes on coding nested if s An else matches the nearest if that does not have an else : if (score < 100) if (score > 90) grade = 'A'; else...// goes with second if, // not first one Proper indentation helps greatly

17. Chapter 4 slide 17 4.10 Logical Operators Used to create relational expressions from other relational expressions Operators, meaning, and explanation: && ANDNew relational expression is true if both expressions are true || ORNew relational expression is true if either expression is true ! NOTReverses the value of an expression – true expression becomes false, and false becomes true

18. Chapter 4 slide 18 Logical Operators - examples int x = 12, y = 5, z = -4; (x > y) && (y > z)true (x > y) && (z > y)false (x <= z) || (y == z)false (x <= z) || (y != z)true !(x >= z)false

19. Chapter 4 slide 19 Logical Operators - notes ! has highest precedence, followed by &&, then || If the value of an expression can be determined by evaluating just the sub- expression on left side of a logical operator, then the sub-expression on the right side will not be evaluated (short circuit evaluation)

20. 4.11 Checking Numeric Ranges with Logical Operators Used to test to see if a value falls into a range: –if (grade >= 0 && grade <= 100) – cout << "Valid grade"; Can also test to see if value falls outside of range: – if (grade = 100) – cout << "Invalid grade"; Cannot use mathematical notation: –if (0 <= grade <= 100) //doesn’t work! Chapter 4 slide 20

21. Chapter 4 slide 21 4.15 The Conditional Operator Can use to create short if/else statements Format: expr ? expr : expr; x<0 ? y=10 : z=20; First Expression: Expression to be tested 2nd Expression: Executes if first expression is true 3rd Expression: Executes if the first expression is false

22. Chapter 4 slide 22 The Conditional Operator The value of a conditional expression is –The value of the second expression if the first expression is true –The value of the third expression if the first expression is false Parentheses () may be needed in an expression due to precedence of conditional operator

23. Chapter 4 slide 23 4.16 The switch Statement Used to select among statements from several alternatives May be used instead of if/else if statements

24. Chapter 4 slide 24 switch statement format switch (expression) //integer { case exp1: statement1; case exp2: statement2;... case expn: statementn; default: statementn+1; }

25. Chapter 4 slide 25 switch statement requirements 1) expression must be an integer variable or an expression that evaluates to an integer value 2) exp1 through expn must be constant integer expressions or literals, and must be unique in the switch statement 3) default is optional but recommended

26. Chapter 4 slide 26 switch statement – how it works 1) expression is evaluated 2)The value of expression is compared against exp1 through expn. 3)If expression matches value expi, the program branches to the statement following expi and continues to the end of the switch 4)If no matching value is found, the program branches to the statement after default:

27. Chapter 4 slide 27 break statement Used to stop execution in the current block Also used to exit a switch statement Useful to execute a single case statement without executing the statements following it

28. Chapter 4 slide 28 Using switch with a menu switch statement is a natural choice for menu-driven program: –display menu –get user input –use user input as expression in switch statement –use menu choices as expr in case statements