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2. 2

3. Mass of amino acids (mg) Number of amino acids 1953 2008 20 2008 10 0 200 100 0 3

4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Vesicle boundary Precursor molecules only 1  m Relative turbidity, an index of vesicle number (a) Self-assembly Time (minutes) 0.4 0.2 0 0 20 40 60 Precursor molecules plus montmorillonite clay 20  m (c) Absorption of RNA(b) Reproduction 4

5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Time (billions of years ago) 10  m 30  m 5 cm Nonphotosynthetic bacteria Cyanobacteria Stromatolites Possible earliest appearance in fossil record 432 1 0 5

6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3  m (a) Spherical (b) Rod-shaped (c) Spiral 1  m 6

7. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Bacterial cell wall Bacterial capsule Tonsil cell 200 nm 7

8. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Fimbriae 1  m 8

9. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Flagellum Filament 20 nm Hook Motor Cell wall Rod Peptidoglycan layer Plasma membrane 9

10. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10

11. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Respiratory membrane 0.2  m 1  m Thylakoid membranes (a) Aerobic prokaryote(b) Photosynthetic prokaryote 11

12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Plasmids 1  m Chromosome 12

13. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 20  m Heterocyst Photosynthetic cells 13

14. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Phage infects bacterial donor cell with A  and B  alleles. Incorporation of phage DNA creates recombinant cell with genotype A  B . Phage DNA is replicated and proteins synthesized. Fragment of DNA with A  allele is packaged within a phage capsid. Phage with A  allele infects bacterial recipient cell. Recombinant cell Recipient cell Crossing over Donor cell A  B − A − B − AA AA AA BB A  B  Phage DNA 5 432 1 14

15. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Sex pilus 1  m 15

16. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 432 1 One strand of F  cell plasmid DNA breaks at arrowhead. Bacterial chromosome Bacterial chromosome F plasmid Mating bridge F  cell (donor) F − cell (recipient) F  cell F  cell Broken strand peels off and enters F − cell. Recipient cell is now a recombinant F  cell. Donor and recipient cells synthesize complementary DNA strands. 16

17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. UNIVERSAL ANCESTOR Domain Eukarya Gram-positive bacteria Cyanobacteria Spirochetes Chlamydias Proteobacteria Nanoarchaeotes Crenarchaeotes Euryarchaeotes Korarchaeotes Eukaryotes Domain Archaea Domain Bacteria 17

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20. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2  m 20

21. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Seedlings growing in the lab Soil treatment Uptake of K by plants (mg) Strain 1Strain 2 Strain 3No bacteria 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 21

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23. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5  m 23

24. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) (b) 24

25. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 25