1. I had rather attempt something great and fail, than to attempt nothing at all and succeed! -Robert Schuller

2. Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Chpt. 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

3. Water is the Universal Medium for life… &

4. CARBON is the universal element of life … C

5. …how does carbon “get” into living organisms??

7. How did organic molecules arise?

9. Can organic molecules form under conditions estimated to stimulate those on the early Earth? http://www.youtube.com /watch?v=9JaYWEsT7fU sea flask atmosphere flask “lightening”

10. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

11. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY… Key to the chemical shape & affinity with other atoms, is in the configuration of the electrons

12. Carbon:  Proteins, DNA, Carbohydrates (molecules of life) carbon based all carbon based…

13. Carbon:  Proteins, DNA, Carbohydrates all carbon based, molecules of Life.  Has tetra valence

14. Carbon Backbone: BTW: this allows for large, complex molecules

15. Importants of Carbon:  Uses one or more of it valence electrons to form covalent bonds w/ other atoms (C,H,O,N,)  This allows atoms to link to infinite variety of chains. aka… TONS OF SHAPES!!

16. Importants of Carbon:

17. …how does carbon “get” into living organisms??

18. Carbon Chains: … Form the “ skeletons ” of most organic compounds

19. Variations in c-skeletons contribute to the diversity of organic molecules:

21. Isomers same molecular formula, different structure (different function) C 4 H 10

22. Isomers also contribute to the diversity of organic molecules -

23. Isomers  Structural-  Cis-Trans-  Enantiomers-

24. Isomers  Structural-

25. Isomers  Cis-Trans- Cis-Trans Double bonds do not permit free rotation of atoms. Cis- both “X’s” on the same side Trans – “X’s” on the opposite side

26. Isomers  Enantiomers-

27. Isomers Cis-Trans

28. ISOMER QUICK QUIZ: CIS-TRANS

29. STRUCTURAL

30. ENANTIOMERS

32. Functional Groups: they bond to the c-skeleton

33. Can you find the “CARBON SKELETONS”?

34. What is a characteristic that these hydrocarbons hold in common? HINT: polarity?

35. IMPORTANCE OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

36. Importance of Functional Groups KIM KARDASHIAN

39. estradiol testosterone

40. Functional Groups  Hydroxyl-  Carbonyl-  Carboxyl-  Amino-  Sulfydryl-  Phosphate-  Methyl-

41. Functional Groups  Hydroxyl  Hydroxyl- makes molecule polar (dissolves in H 2 O) - produces alcohol -OH

42. Functional Groups  Carbonyl-  Carbonyl- produces ketones (made when body breaks down fats for energy) & C-C-C || O -C // / O H aldehydes (essential oils in plants) Confers polarity

43. Functional Groups  Carboxyl-  Carboxyl- forms organic acids b/c H + is commonly dissociated -C // / O OH

44. Functional Groups  Amino-  Amino- base usually acts as a buffer -N / / H H -H +

45. Functional Groups  Sulfhydral-  Sulfhydral- stabilizes protein structures, & commonly found in vitamins -SH

46. Functional Groups  Phosphate-  Phosphate- energy storage / energy transfer

47. Functional Groups  Methyl-  Methyl- affects shape & function, also, affects gene expression -C H H -H / / /

48. Summary Be able to recognize isomers. Know the six functional groups and what properties they give to molecules.