1. Physics 361 Principles of Modern Physics Lecture 14

2. Solving Problems with the Schrödinger Equation This lecture Harmonic oscillator Next lecture Tunneling and scattering in 1D

3. Finite depth box – First consider an infinite box potential E3E3 o These energy levels increase in separation as n increases. E2E2 E1E1

4. Finite depth box – What happens to the energy levels? E3E3 o Remember what happens to wave function in potential barrier as energy increases E2E2 E1E1

5. A single potential barrier as energy increases This gives U E o o Standing wave pattern Exponential decay

6. As energy increases U E o o o Standing wave pattern frequency increases. Exponential decay length increase. Physical argument for this is that as the particle becomes more energetic, it penetrates into the barrier further.

7. Finite depth box – What happens to the energy levels? When the particles can tunnel into the finite barrier, the effective width of the well is greater than. E3E3 o E2E2 E1E1 E3E3 o E2E2 E1E1 For an infinite box potential, the walls of the potential set the size of the oscillatory waves

8. Finite depth box – energy levels are decreased E3E3 o For an infinite box potential the wave functions are less constrained by the potential barrier as the energy approaches the potential barrier height – the particle tunnels into the barrier more. Starting with the energy infinite box states we can approximate the effective well width by adding the tunneling depth with a constant of order unity. Taylor expansion for small changes gives a lowering of the energy levels. This lowering is more pronounced for the higher-energy states. E2E2 E1E1

9. Harmonic oscillator potential – this is an extremely important potential to study. Consider any arbitrary potential landscape Where would particles end up if you threw a bunch at this potential landscape?

10. Harmonic oscillator potential – this is an extremely important potential to study. Consider any arbitrary potential landscape Where would particles end up if you threw a bunch at this potential landscape? At the minimum in thermal equilibrium!! Thus, the behaviors near the minima are physically very important.

11. Consider potential near a single minimum. What is the general behavior near any local minimum?

12. Consider potential near a single minimum. What is the general behavior near any local minimum? To see general behavior look at Taylor expansion about minimum. What can we say about the terms?

13. Consider potential near a single minimum. What is the general behavior near any local minimum? The slope is zero at the minimum, so first derivative is zero there as well. Thus, we can approximate as since

14. Harmonic oscillator potential We can approximate the potential as which is the same as the harmonic oscillator potential This is usually written in terms of the oscillation frequency of the oscillator which gives

15. Harmonic oscillator potential energy levels Classical turning points are intersections of energy with potential Use this classical width as an estimate of the width of the box for the energy levels. Go back to infinite box energy states. Now the classical turning points for a harmonic oscillator are given by Solving this relation for the length we have Now we just insert this length in for the length in the box energy level relation.

16. Harmonic oscillator potential energy levels Inserting the classical turning points width, we obtain which gives approximately These are energy levels which are equally spaced!! The full exact solution gives the same with a lower minimum energy of.