1. Spectral Tuning in Retinal Proteins h 11-cis all-trans

2. Color Vision 11-cis h all-trans

3. Cone Rod Light Rhodopsin G-protein signaling pathway Visual Receptors

4. Spectral tuning in color visual receptors 500nm 600nm400nm How does the protein tune its absorption spectrum? Color is sensed by red, green and blue rhodopsin visual receptors. Their chromophores are exactly the same! absorption spectrum 11-cis

5. Spectral Tuning in bacteriorhodpsin’s photocycle

6. How can we change the maximal absorption of retinal chromophore?

7. S0S0 S1S1 Excitation energy determines the maximal absorption 7911 13 15 Response

8. Electronic Absorption Absorption of light in the UV-VIS region of the spectrum is due to excitation of electrons to higher energy levels. -*-*

9. E   Ground state (S 0 )   Excited state (S 1 ) photon  -  * excitation in polyenes EE  E (excitation energy, band gap) = h = hc/

10. E    -  * excitation in polyenes     blue-shiftred-shift

11.  -  * excitation in polyenes

12. Vitamin A1 (retinal I)  -carotene Vitamin A2 (retinal II) Tuning the length of the conjugated backbone Short wavelength Longer wavelength

13. Retinal II Retinal I Salmon: different retinals in different stages of life

14. OPSIN SHIFT: how protein tunes the absorption maximum of its chromophore. Maximal absorption of protonated retinal Schiff base in: Water/methanol solution: 440 nm bR: 568 nm rod Rh: 500 nm red receptor: 560 nm green receptor: 530 nm blue receptor: 426 nm

15. Electrostatics and opsin shift S0S0 S1S1 S2S2 no proteinin protein The counterion stabilizes the positive charge of the chromophore. The position of the counterion determines how and how much the band gap energy changes. S0S0 S1S1 S2S2 + + positive charge O C O Asp (Glu) N Me H counterion

16. Electrostatics and opsin shift S0S0 S1S1 S2S2 no proteinin protein S0S0 S1S1 S2S2 + + positive charge O C O Asp (Glu) N Me H counterion Maximal absopriton of protonated retinal Schiff base can be changed by D85N (Purple to blue shift) Red shift from 568 to 605 nm at pH = 3

17. Howard Hughes Medical Institute at The Rockefeller University and Yale University Dinosaurs had red-shifted visual receptors!

18. Microbial rhodopsins in Halobacteria purple membrane Bacteriorhodopsin (bR): proton pump Halorhodopsin (hR): chloride pump Sensory rhodopsin I (sRI): attractant (repellent) to orange (near UV) light Sensory rhodopsin II (sRII): repellent to blue-green light phototaxis (color vision of halobacteria) sRII bR hR sRI 500nm600nm

19. Spectral Tuning in Bacterial Rhodopsins sRII bR 500nm600nm Large blue shift of absorption maximum in sRII (70 nm) Sensory Rhodopsin II (sRII) Phototaxis Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) Proton pump

20. Structures of bR and sRII orange: sRII purple: bR X-ray crystallography shows that structures are very similar. Both include protonated all- trans retinal Schiff base

21. Binding Sites of bR and sRII Similar structure Aromatic residues. Hydrogen-bond network. (counter-ion asparatates, internal water molecules) T204A/V108M/G130S of sRII produces only 20 nm (30%) spectral shift. Mutagenic substitutions What is the main determinant(s) of spectral tuning? sRII bR

22. QM/MM Calculation of spectral shift in bR and sR-II  S 1 -S 0 ) : 6.1 (exp. 7.2) kcal/mol  S 2 -S 0 ): 1.7 (exp. 4.0) kcal/mol 500nm bR sRII 600nm Refinement of X-ray structures by HF (retinal, 2Asp, 3H 2 O) Excitation energy calculations for retinal QM/MM retinal-K205/216 D201/212 helix G Calculated spectra bR: purple, sRII: orange Spectral shift  S 1 -S 0 ) A sub-band in sRII is due to the second excited state (S 2 ).

23. Deprotonation of the Schiff base N Me Strong blue shift UV vision birds, honeybee

24. Planarity is essential for maximal overlap of p orbitals in a double bond (  molecular orbital) p atomic orbitals

25. A highly twisted structure can decrease the overlap of p orbitals and effectively decrease the length of the conjugation, i.e., blue shift. Steric interactions and spectral shift?

26. Summary of Mechanisms of Spectral Tuning Using a different chromophore with a longer or a shorter conjugated chain Modifying the amino acid composition of the binding pocket (electrostatics) Manipulating the distance and/or conformation of charged/polar groups in the vicinity of retinal Steric interaction with the chromophore so that some of the double bonds go out of plane (a similar effect to using a shorter chromophore) Protonation state of retinal Schiff base (Strong blue shift upon deprotonation)

27. The chromophore retinal adopts different colors in different environments. Doesn’t it remind you of something? cameleon