1. Dr Gihan Gawish King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia 1

2. What is Spectroscopy ? Spectroscopy is a technique that uses the interaction of energy with a sample to perform an analysis. Dr Gihan Gawish 2

3. E = hc/ = h  ( photon) E = energy h = Planck's constant c = speed of light = wavelength  = frequency 3

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5. The data that is obtained from spectroscopy is called a spectrum. A spectrum is a plot of the intensity of energy detected versus the wavelength (or mass or momentum or frequency, etc.) of the energy. The data that is obtained from spectroscopy is called a spectrum. A spectrum is a plot of the intensity of energy detected versus the wavelength (or mass or momentum or frequency, etc.) of the energy. Dr Gihan Gawish 5 What is Spectrum?

6. Often, spectra are used to identify the components of a sample (qualitative analysis). Spectra may also be used to measure the amount of material in a sample (quantitative analysis). Often, spectra are used to identify the components of a sample (qualitative analysis). Spectra may also be used to measure the amount of material in a sample (quantitative analysis). Dr Gihan Gawish 6 What Information is Obtained?

7. There are several instruments that are used to perform a spectroscopic analysis. Spectroscopic methods involve a number of instruments designed for specialized applications. There are several instruments that are used to perform a spectroscopic analysis. Spectroscopic methods involve a number of instruments designed for specialized applications. Dr Gihan Gawish 7 What Instruments are Needed?

8. In simplest terms, spectroscopy requires: 1. An energy source (commonly a laser, but this could be an ion source or radiation source) 2.An optical system to collect the rediation 3.A device for measuring the change in the energy source after it has interacted with the sample (often a spectrophotometer or interferometer). Dr Gihan Gawish 8 What Instruments are Needed?

9. a slit, collimator lens, prism or grating, and a telescope or objective lens which produces a spectrum for visual observation is called a spectroscope(1+2).spectroscope Dr Gihan Gawish 9 An Optical Instrument Consisting of:

10. If a spectroscope is provided with a photographic camera or other device for recording the spectrum, the instrument is called a spectrograph.spectrograph A spectroscope that is provided with a calibrated scale either for measurement of wavelength or for measurement of refractive indices of transparent prism materials is called a spectrometer.spectrometer 10 3-Spectrograph vs Spectrometer

11. Fluorescence microscope Dr Gihan Gawish 11

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14. DNA Histogram Dr Gihan Gawish 14