1. Law 12 MUNDY – 2009

2. What are defences used for? Two purposes: 1. to prove that accused is not guilty of offence being tried 2. to prove that accused is guilty of a lesser offence than one accused of

3. Alibi – Best Defence An alibi proves that the accused was not at the scene of the crime at the time it was committed Result is that accused will be considered not guilty if evidence is strong and supportive of alibi

4. Self-defence Self-defence, used in assault cases or similar violent offences Includes actions defending one’s person, property, dwelling Result is that accused will be found not guilty

5. Self-defence Allowed only if reasonable force, determined by strict guidelines, is used: Accused did not provoke or initiate the conflict involving force Not intending to cause grievous bodily harm or death Attacker is perceived to intend grievous bodily harm or death Force is no more than necessary to defend oneself Attempted to leave before self-defence

6. Legal Duty Used by officers to justify use of force or seizure of items  ex.- being arrested does not allow accused to charge officer with kidnapping Also used by parents, teachers, etc. to justify reasonable force and measures for corrective means  ex.- given a grounding or detention does not allow child to charge parent/teacher with kidnapping Result is that accused will be found not guilty

7. Excusable Conduct:Provocation Used for charges of murder Must prove that action taken leading to death occurred immediately in response to provoking act Action needs to be seen as due to loss of self-control that ordinary person would have committed in same situation Result is that accused will have charges lowered to that of manslaughter

8. Excusable Conduct:Necessity Criminal action is justified if accused is in “urgent situations of clear and imminent peril when compliance with the law is demonstrably impossible” Ex. – Accused breaks and enters to save child from burning building Result is accused will be found not guilty

9. Excusable Conduct: Duress Occurs when accused has committed crime that another has forced them to commit Person forcing accused must be immediately present at time of offence and gave threats of immediate grievous harm and/or death Result is that accused will be found not guilty

10. Excusable Conduct:Honest Mistake Where accused honestly did not know that a criminal act had been committed Not same as “ignorance of law” Ex. – person leaves store paying for all items but pen that is now in pocket Result is accused will be found not guilty

11. Mental Disorder Defined by Criminal Code as: disease of the mind “Unfit to stand trial” = unable on account of mental disorder to conduct a defence at any stage of a trial

12. Mental Fitness to Stand Trial If suspected to have mental disorder, accused is remanded for up to 60 days to evaluate condition Final determination of mental fitness is up to provincial review board If accused is unfit, court can order treatment to make accused fit to stand trial

13. Mental Fitness at Time of Offence Crown cannot introduce evidence of mental disorder, only defence Crown must have already proved actus reus and mens rea Result is accused found not guilty, with review board determining offender’s future Verdict: “accused committed the act or omission but is not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder”

14. Mental Fitness at Time of Offence Provincial Review Board determines mental fitness of offender at time of hearing (after trial verdict) They consider:  Mental condition of accused  Reintegration of accused into society  Other needs of accused  Whether accused is a threat to society Can be released, either with conditions or not

15. Automatism Due to unconscious, involuntary behaviour (such as sleepwalking) Onus on defence to prove automatism Result is “accused committed the act or omission but is not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder” and follows post-trial procedure for mental disorder

16. Intoxication As intoxication (by alcohol or drugs) can cause loss of self control, allowed as defence However, it is difficult to use self- intoxication as defence (where accused knowingly ingests alcohol or drugs to excess)

17. Intoxication Result is that charge is reduced from specific intent to that of general intent Ex. – From murder (specific – intended to kill) to manslaughter (general – intended to strike, yet resulted in death) Specific intent – intended to cause further harm; General intent – intended only actus reus

18. Consent Used as defence when victim has agreed to the action taken Used mainly for sports (i.e.- players consent to rough physical contact) Used for assault cases (either physical or sexual) Cannot be used for murder, firearms or sexual assault against persons under 14 Result is accused will be found not guilty

19. Entrapment Action taken by police officers that encourage or aids person in committing offence Not technically a defence, but result is that motion for stay of proceedings takes place

20. Mistake of Fact Unlike “ignorance of law”, ignorance of facts can lead to commission of offence unknowingly Ex.- person gets change at store that includes counterfeit money, then uses it later and is arrested

21. Mistake of Fact Conditions of this defence:  Mistake was not due to wilful blindness  The particular law allows for mistake of fact Result is accused will be found not guilty

22. Double Jeopardy Section 11 of Charter – no one shall be tried twice for same offence Pre-trial motion is made to determine if double jeopardy is about to take place, based on one of two possible pleas: Artefois acquit – accused has already been acquitted of charge Artefois convict – accused has already been convicted of charge

23. Double Jeopardy Judge must determine if facts of case are similar to previous trial Result is judge will dismiss the trial