1. International Telecommunication Union ENUM: Convergence of Technology and Organizational Perspectives Swedish Administration Workshop on ENUM Stockholm, March 7, 2002 Robert Shaw ITU Internet Strategy and Policy Advisor International Telecommunication Union The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and may not necessarily reflect the opinions of the ITU or its membership.

2. International Telecommunication Union What is the ITU? UN specialised agency, concerned with the development of telecommunication networks and services worldwide Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland with regional offices 137 years old 190 Member States, 600 Private Sector members ~700 staff / ~70 nationalities Website: http://www.itu.int Secretary-General: Yoshio Utsumi (Japan)

3. International Telecommunication Union But what does the ITU do? International telecoms standardization Global spectrum allocation and registration Co-ordination of national spectrum planning Stewardship of geostationary satellite orbit Collaboration in international tariff-setting Co-operation in development assistance Measures for ensuring safety of life (Maritime, aeronautical) Policy and regulatory activities Not an “international regulator”

4. International Telecommunication Union Interoperability Interoperability of networks has always been a challenge and opportunity. You probably don’t remember when people use to have multiple phones on their desk?

5. International Telecommunication Union Interoperability was what these people wanted… Founders of the International Telegraph Union: 1865

6. International Telecommunication Union Examples of ITU Standards and the Internet ITU standards widely deployed at many levels of the Internet environment, especially at backbone (e.g., ATM, FR) and user access network (e.g., modems, DSL) Tens of millions of computers are connected to the Internet via the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) PSTN provides most of the transport facilities over which the Internet Protocol and related application services (e.g., WWW) are carried PSTN provides dial-up access to millions of Internet users

7. International Telecommunication Union IP Telephony: What is it? Internet Protocol (IP) Telephony is a generic term describing voice or fax carried over IP-based networks, such as the Internet. IP Telephony is important: –In the short-term, because it cuts the cost of calls, especially if routed over the public Internet –In the longer-term, because telecoms carriers are migrating their separate voice and data networks to converged IP-based networks Examples of IP Telephony Service Providers include Net2Phone, Dialpad.com, iBasis etc.

8. International Telecommunication Union IP Telephony Flavours Often treated differently from policy or regulatory perspective –Carried solely across the public Internet? –IP as underlying transport or signalling technology for PSTN services (e.g., using SS7)? –IP telephony on full end-to-end “private” IP networks (e.g. using “softswitch” technology)? –Combinations of the above with gateways between Internet or private IP-based networks and the PSTN?

9. International Telecommunication Union Why is IP Telephony important? IP Telephony traffic, in million minutes 0.0% 0.2% 1.6% 5.5% 3.2% 0 1'000 2'000 3'000 4'000 5'000 6'000 7'000 19971998199920002001 As percentage of int'l outgoing traffic Source: ITU Internet Reports, adapted from TeleGeography Inc.

10. International Telecommunication Union ENUM: Technical Convergence Problems of addressing calls that pass from one network service to another: –Now widely possible to originate calls from IP address-based networks to other networks –But uncommon to terminate calls from other networks to IP address-based networks –To access a subscriber on an IP address-based network, some sort of global addressing scheme across PSTN and IP address-based networks needed ENUM seen as “glue” solution… –e.g., roundabout way to assign E.164 resources to SIP terminals

11. International Telecommunication Union What is E.164? ITU-T Recommendation E.164: “The international public telecommunication numbering plan” –Tied to treaty obligations (specific roles and obligations defined for ITU Member States and TSB Director) –Defines number structure and functionality for four principal categories of numbers: Geographic Areas Global Services Networks Groups of Countries (“GoCs”)

12. International Telecommunication Union Examples of E.164 Resources Geographic areas –ITU Member States, including integrated numbering plan involving more than one (e.g., +1) Global Services –e.g., Universal International Freephone Numbers (+800) Networks –Global Mobile Systems (+881 + 1 digit IC) –Shared code for Networks (+ 882 + 2 digit IC) Groups of Countries –e.g., ETNS

13. International Telecommunication Union What’s this really about? To address something is to assign it a unique value from a bounded range of values. Uniqueness is critical to functionality. To ensure that addresses are unique, each assignment must be coordinated with all other assignments. The existence of this coordination problem usually means that names and numbers are administered by some form of collective action. That is, by groups rather than by individuals or a firm.

14. International Telecommunication Union What’s this really about? Most interesting and difficult policy problems are created by the need for collective action among businesses and organizations that might otherwise be rivals or autonomous. The institutional agent for the exercise of collective choice and the processes used are always the difficult part. In the case of ENUM, the historically different treatment of E.164 TNs and the DNS makes this very difficult

15. International Telecommunication Union Many public policy issues… INTUG View: ENUM may have effects on: –integrity of national numbering schemes –competition between service providers –telecommunications network security –number portability –carrier selection –emergency services calls (including passing of location information) –privacy –control over personal records –control of slamming

16. International Telecommunication Union Roles and Responsibilities Most ENUM service and administrative decisions are national issues under purview of ITU Member States, since most E.164 resources are utilized nationally ITU will need to ensure that Member State has specifically authorized inclusion of geographic country code in the DNS In integrated numbering plan, each ITU Member State within plan may administer their portion of E.164 resources mapped into DNS as they see fit

17. International Telecommunication Union National Consideration Issues Consultation process with interested communities National deployment Issues –How do you authenticate the identity of the subscriber for ENUM services? –Who are ENUM Registrars and what are they responsible for? –How do you validate ENUM data for potential users ( Add - Modify – Delete) NAPTR list of services and preferences? –How is data provisioned in the country code name servers? –Privacy?

18. International Telecommunication Union ITU Responsibilities Define and implement administrative procedures that coordinate delegations of E.164 numbering resources into the agreed DNS name servers –Draft Recommendation E.A-ENUM is being prepared by ITU-T Study Group 2 for presentation to the May 2002 SG2 meeting

19. International Telecommunication Union ITU Future Activities Wide circulation of tutorial material Cooperate with IAB/IETF to make final choice of TLD, registry, requirements for registry operations Interim administration “Determine” ENUM Supplement in May 2002 “Determine” E.A-ENUM, May 2002?

20. International Telecommunication Union Thank You Some references and resources –http://www.itu.int/infocom/enum/