1. Principles essay What are the tensions between the universal and the particular in the topic of your choice selected from the seminar series?

2. Structuring the essay Introduction Explaining the terms – universal and particular – introducing Kant Which topic have you picked Set out the structure of the essay

3. Section 1 Explaining Kant – (1724-1804) objective and subjective principles What is an objective principle? – It applies to all people – The purpose is not individual but universal – It can be true for all cases – It can be tested

4. Kant 2 Conditions of an objective principle – It applies to all rational persons at all times without contradiction – It respects the dignity as ends in themselves never as means to an end – Guarantees the autonomy of all persons Remember to quote and then reference AND to reference where the information comes from if you are providing information

5. Main body of essay Introduce your topic – what are the main features of the debates over choice, race, gender, inclusion? Work through the tensions between the universal and the particular within the topic You could use a structure where you ‘test’ how your topic relates to ideas of: – Application to all rational persons at all times without contradiction – Respecting the dignity of all persons as ends in themselves never as means to an end – Guaranteeing the autonomy of all persons

6. Conclusion Go back to the title set Summarise how you have responded Do not introduce any new points Do not be tempted into giving ‘your opinion’ – you should be able to work the ideas through logically Reference list at the end

7. And finally Remember each paragraph should: introduce a point Discuss with reference / quote Link to next point If it doesn’t do that then go back and make sure that it does! PROOF READ CAREFULLY