1. CS-1030 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 1 C++ Language Basic control statements and data types

2. CS-1030 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 2 Reuse a lot of what you already know from Java Java was designed to “feel familiar” to an experienced C++ developer Most of the control statements and primitive numeric types are very similar “Improvements” over the C++ language were introduced as warranted

3. CS-1030 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 3 C++ iteration statements The C++ for() statement Identical to Java! The C++ while() statement Identical to Java! The C++ do() statement Identical to Java!

4. CS-1030 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 4 C++ selection statements The C++ if() statement Identical to Java! The C++ switch() statement Identical to Java!

5. CS-1030 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 5 Wait… I lied a little bit switch(x) can use long datatype for x for() expressions can be more complex than those of Java Java: for(int i=0; i<5; i++ )… C++: for(int i=0, int j=0; i<5; i++,j++ )…

6. CS-1030 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 6 How to get an “F” Use the C/C++ “goto” statement in your programs It’s required usage is so rare that you may never encounter it Most cases of usage can be restructured to use switch or nested if

7. CS-1030 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 7 Numeric Variables represent numeric values int x; // a integer variable named ‘x’ int y;// and one named ‘y’ Or int x1, y1; // multiple variables created //within one statement; each variable //separated by a comma

8. CS-1030 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 8 Java Numeric data types

9. CS-1030 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 9

10. CS-1030 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 10 Initialization of Numeric Variables When a declaration, such as int x, y; is made, memory locations to store data values for x and y are allocated. But the variables are NOT initialized to any value UNLESS, at the time the variable is declared, it is also explicitly initialized: int count = 10, height = 34; Exception: the debugger assigns a specific value to variables not explicitly initialized

11. CS-1030 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 11 Other primitive data types bool Represents logical true or false In Java, the equivalent type is boolean char holds a single character In Java, chars are Unicode (multi-byte) In C++, chars are single-byte  Must use other types for wide characters in C++; i.e. wchar

12. CS-1030 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 12 The string datatype Similar to the built-in (intrinsic) String type in Java string is a class from the C++ standard library (not a built-in type) Both are classes rather than primitive types

13. CS-1030 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 13 string class vs. C-style strings The string class only exists for C++, not for C (there were no classes in C) In C, character strings could only be handled as arrays of characters, e.g. char someText[] = “Hello”; This is referred to as a “C-style string” You can also do this in Java, but why bother when you have a String class? C++ programmers still use C-style strings at times, mainly due to interoperability requirements with legacy applications and libraries.

14. CS-1030 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 14 Arithmetic Operators Same in Java and C++

15. CS-1030 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 15 Precedence rules for operators Same in C++ as in Java

16. CS-1030 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 16 Arithmetic Promotions Same in both languages

17. CS-1030 Dr. Mark L. Hornick 17 Constant identifiers Sometimes we want to declare identifiers whose value cannot be changed; that is, constant. A constant is declared in a manner similar to a variable, but with the additional reserved word const. Similar to the Java final keyword const double PI = 3.14159; const int MONTHS_IN_YEAR = 12;