1. CSC WEB PROGRAMMING IN THE NEXT LECTURES YOU WILL LEARN  WHAT IS SQL  HOW TO ACCESS MYSQL DATABASE  HOW TO CREATE A BASIC MYSQL DATABASE  HOW TO USE SOME BASIC QUERIES  HOW TO USE PHP AND MYSQL

2. INTRODUCTION TO SQL SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard computer language for accessing and manipulating databases. SQL stands for Structured Query Language using SQL you can  access a database  execute queries, and retrieve data  insert, delete and update records SQL works with database programs like MS Access, DB2, Informix, MS SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, mySQL, etc. Unfortunately, there are many different versions. But, they must support the same major keywords in a similar manner such as SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT, WHERE, etc. Most of the SQL database programs also have their own proprietary extensions!

3. APPLICATION STRUCTURE Database Data Model Applicatio n Software EndUser Develop er DBA DatabaseTools SQL SQL

4. DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR (DBA) A database administrator (DBA) is a person responsible for the design, implementation, maintenance and repair of an organization's database. The role includes the development and design of database strategies, monitoring and improving database performance and capacity, and planning for future expansion requirements. They may also plan, co-ordinate and implement security measures to safeguard the database.

5. DATABASE MODEL A database model or database schema is the structure or format of a database, described in a formal language supported by the database management system, In other words, a "database model" is the application of a data model when used in conjunction with a database management system.

6. SQL Structured Query Language is the language we use to issue commands to the database  Create a table  Retrieve some data  Insert data  Delete data

7. COMMON DATABASE SYSTEMS Three Major Database Management Systems in wide use  MySQL - Simple fast and scalable - commercial open source  Oracle - Large, commercial, enterprise-scale, very very tweakable  SqlServer - Very nice - from Microsoft (also Access) Many other smaller projects, free and open source  HSQL, SQLite, Postgress,...

8. BASIC SQL SYNTAX

9. MYSQL – KEY COMMANDS Command Parameter(s)Meaning ALTER DATABASE, TABLEAlter DATABASE or TABLE BACKUP TABLEBack up TABLE CREATE DATABASE, TABLE,Create DATABASE or TABLE DELETE (expression with TABLE & ROW)Delete ROW from TABLE DESCRIBE TABLEDescribe the TABLE'S columns DROP DATABASE,TABLEDelete DATABASE or TABLE INSERT (expression with data)Insert data RENAME TABLERename TABLE SHOW (too many items to list)List item's details UPDATE (expression with data)Update an existing record USE databaseUse database MySQL Resource: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/index.html http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/index.html

10. SQL DATABASE TABLES A database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is identified by a name (e.g. "Customers" or "Orders"). Tables contain records (rows) with data. LastNameFirstNameAddressCity HansenOla34 PeachAppleAtlanta StephesonLove23 PeachAppleAtlanta PettersenKari20PeachAppleAtlanta The table above contains three records (one for each person) and four columns ( LastName, FirstName, Address, and City ). For example, a table called "Persons":

11. SQL QUERIES With SQL, you can query a database and have a result set returned. LastName Hansen Stepheson Pettersen A query like this: SELECT LastName FROM Persons; gives a result set like this: The mySQL database system requires a semicolon at the end of the SQL statement!

12. SQL DATA LANGUAGES The Data Definition Language (DDL) part of SQL permits database tables to be created or deleted : CREATE TABLE - creates a new database table ALTER TABLE - alters (changes) a database table DROP TABLE - deletes a database table CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key) DROP INDEX - deletes an index The query and update commands together form the Data Manipulation Language (DML) part of SQL : SELECT - extracts data from a database table UPDATE - updates data in a database table DELETE - deletes data from a database table INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database table *Here we will use some of them in mySQL

13. LOGGING INTO MYSQL SERVER You can log into our mySQL server from Linux by typing in the prompt bash-2.05b$ -u myname -p 1db23 Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 209201 to server version: 5.0.22 Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the buffer. mysql> From here you can create, modify, and drop tables, and modify the data in your tables. But first, you must specify which database on the server you want to use (you have only one, however). mysql> use db; Database changed

14. TECHNICAL NOTE You probably don’t need to worry about this, but thought I would mention it here… Most books and on-line tutorials assume the database server is running on the same machine as everything else, and that the user is "root". Neither of these are true here. Wherever you see "localhost", replace it by "mysql" Wherever you see "root", replace it with your username. (Ignore this if you don’t understand it for now, or are not consulting other references.)

15. MYSQL & PHP: PROCESS STEPS The process of using MySQL with PHP: 1.Connect to MySQL mysql_connect 2.Select the database to use mysql_select_db 3.Build a query string $query = "SELECT * FROM tableName "; 4.Perform the query $result = mysql_query($query); 5.Retrieve the results and output it to a web page  $rows = mysql_num_rows($result);  $row = mysql_fetch_row($result); 6.Repeat Steps 3 to 5 until all desired data retrieved. 7.Disconnect from MySQL (usually done automatically)

16. MYSQL & PHP: LOGIN.PHP FOR YOUR DATABASE – STEP 0 Create login_lastname.php file <?php // login_lastname.php make sure to place in personal folder $db_hostname = 'localhost'; $db_database = 'yourMySQLusername'; $db_username = 'yourMySQLusername'; $db_password = 'yourMySQLpassword'; ?>

17. MYSQL & PHP: CONNECT TO DATABASE – STEPS 1-4 <?php // query.php require_once 'login_lastname.php'; $db_server = mysql_connect($db_hostname, $db_username, $db_password); if (!$db_server) die("Unable to connect to MySQL: ". mysql_error()); mysql_select_db($db_database) or die("Unable to select database: ". mysql_error()); $query = "SELECT * FROM classics"; $result = mysql_query($query); if (!$result) die ("Database access failed: ". mysql_error()); $rows = mysql_num_rows($result); for ($j = 0 ; $j < $rows ; ++$j){ $row = mysql_fetch_row($result); echo 'Author: '. $row[0]. ' '; echo 'Title: '. $row[1]. ' '; echo 'Year: '. $row[3]. ' '; echo 'ISBN: '. $row[5]. ' '; ?>

18. YOUR FIRST MYSQL COMMAND Kind of like "print 'hello world'" show databases;

19. If this does not work, stop and figure out why. Some of these are part of MySQL and store internal data - don't mess with them.

20. CREATING A TABLE You can create a table you might use for the upcoming project. For example, mysql> CREATE TABLE students( -> num INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, -> f_name VARCHAR(48), -> l_name VARCHAR(48), -> student_id INT, -> email VARCHAR(48), -> PRIMARY KEY(num)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) *If the server gives you a big ERROR, just try again from the top! Hit Enter after each line (if you want). MySQL doesn’t try to interpret the command itself until it sees a semicolon (;) (The “->” characters you see are not typed by you.)

21. CREATING A TABLE CREATE TABLE classics ( author VARCHAR(128), title VARCHAR(128), type VARCHAR(16), year CHAR(4)) ENGINE MyISAM; DESCRIBE classics;

22. VIEWING THE TABLE STRUCTURE Use DESCRIBE to see the structure of a table mysql> DESCRIBE students; +------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | num | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | f_name | varchar(48) | YES | | NULL | | | l_name | varchar(48) | YES | | NULL | | | student_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | email | varchar(48) | YES | | NULL | | +------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

23. TEXT FIELDS Understand character sets and indexable for searching CHAR allocates entire space (faster for small strings where length is known) VARCHAR allocates variable amount of space depending on the data length (less space)

24. BINARY TYPES (RARELY USED) Character = 8 - 32 bits of information depending on character set Byte = 8 bits of information Small Images - data

25. TEXT FIELDS Have a character set

26. BINARY LARGE OBJECT (BLOB) Large raw data, files, images, word documents, PDF, Movies, etc etc.. No translation, indexing or character set

27. NUMBERS Numbers are very efficient, take little storage and are easy to process because CPU's can compare them often with a single instruction 64 bit 32 bit

28. DATES TIMESTAMP is very efficient but only can handle dates from 1970 through 2037 32 bit

29. AUTO_INCREMENT Often as we make multiple tables and need to JOIN them together we need an integer, primary key for each row so we can efficiently add a reference to a row in a table, in some other table as a foreign key DROP TABLE classics; CREATE TABLE classics ( id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT KEY, author VARCHAR(128), title VARCHAR(128), type VARCHAR(16), year CHAR(4)) ENGINE MyISAM; DESCRIBE classics;

30. DATA TYPES Text fields (small and large) Binary fields (small and large) Numeric fields AUTO_INCREMENT fields

31. INSERTING DATA Using INSERT INTO you can insert a new row into your table. For example, mysql> INSERT INTO students -> VALUES(NULL,’Russell’,’abc’,396640,‘abc@cs.gsu.edu'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) Using SELECT FROM you select some data from a table. mysql> SELECT * FROM students; +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+ | num | f_name | l_name | student_id | email | +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+ | 1 | Russell | abc | 396640 | abc@csc.liv.ac.uk | +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

32. INSERTING SOME MORE DATA You can repeat inserting until all data is entered into the table. mysql> INSERT INTO students -> VALUES(‘James',‘Bond',007,'bond@cs.gsu.edu'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> SELECT * FROM students; +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+ | num | f_name | l_name | student_id | email | +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+ | 1 | Russell | abc | 396640 | abc@cs.gsu.edu | | 2 | James | Bond | 7 | bond@cs.gsu.edu |bond@ +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) Note: The value “NULL” in the “num” field is automatically replaced by the SQL interpreter as the “auto_increment” option was selected when the table was defined.

33. INSERTING... INSERT INTO classics(author, title, type, year) VALUES('Mark Twain','The Adventures of Tom Sawyer','Fiction','1876');INSERT INTO classics(author, title, type, year) VALUES('Jane Austen','Pride and Prejudice','Fiction','1811');INSERT INTO classics(author, title, type, year) VALUES('Charles Darwin','The Origin of Species','Non-Fiction','1856');INSERT INTO classics(author, title, type, year) VALUES('Charles Dickens','The Old Curiosity Shop','Fiction','1841');INSERT INTO classics(author, title, type, year) VALUES('William Shakespeare','Romeo and Juliet','Play','1594');

34. INSERTED... mysql> select * from classics;+----+---------------------+------------------------------+-------------+------+| id | author | title | type | year |+----+---------------------+------------------------------+- ------------+------+| 1 | Mark Twain | The Adventures of Tom Sawyer | Fiction | 1876 || 2 | Jane Austen | Pride and Prejudice | Fiction | 1811 || 3 | Charles Darwin | The Origin of Species | Non-Fiction | 1856 || 4 | Charles Dickens | The Old Curiosity Shop | Fiction | 1841 || 5 | William Shakespeare | Romeo and Juliet | Play | 1594 |+----+-------------------- -+------------------------------+-------------+------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql>

35. mysql> describe classics;+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| id | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || author | varchar(128) | YES | | NULL | || title | varchar(128) | YES | | NULL | || type | varchar(16) | YES | | NULL | || year | char(4) | YES | | NULL | |+--------+------------------+--- ---+-----+---------+----------------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> ALTER TABLE classics MODIFY year SMALLINT;Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.08 sec)Records: 5 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> describe classics;+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+--------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| id | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || author | varchar(128) | YES | | NULL | || title | varchar(128) | YES | | NULL | || type | varchar(16) | YES | | NULL | || year | smallint(6) | YES | | NULL | |+--------+------------------+-- ----+-----+---------+----------------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

36. mysql> ALTER TABLE classics ADD pages SMALLINT;Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.12 sec)Records: 5 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> describe classics;+--------+------------------+------+--- --+---------+----------------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+--------+--------------- ---+------+-----+---------+----------------+| id | int(10) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || author | varchar(128) | YES | | NULL | || title | varchar(128) | YES | | NULL | || type | varchar(16) | YES | | NULL | || year | smallint(6) | YES | | NULL | || pages | smallint(6) | YES | | NULL | |+--------+------------------+- -----+-----+---------+----------------+6 rows in set (0.08 sec)mysql>

37. GETTING DATA OUT OF THE TABLE The SELECT command is the main way of getting data out of a table, or set of tables. SELECT * FROM students; Here the asterisk means to select (i.e. return the information in) all columns. You can specify one or more columns of data that you want, such as SELECT f_name,l_name FROM students; +---------+--------+ | f_name | l_name | +---------+--------+ | Russell | Martin | | James | Bond | +---------+--------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

38. GETTING DATA OUT OF THE TABLE (CONT.) You can specify other information that you want in the query using the WHERE clause. SELECT * FROM students WHERE l_name=‘Bond’; +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+ | num | f_name | l_name | student_id | email | +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+ | 2 | James | Bond | 7 | bond@csc.gmail.com | +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) SELECT student_id, email FROM students WHERE l_name=‘Bond’; +------------+----------------------+ | student_id | email | +------------+----------------------+ | 7 | bond@gmail.com |bond@gmail.com +------------+----------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

39. ALTERING THE TABLE The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add or drop columns in an existing table. mysql> ALTER TABLE students ADD date DATE; Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> SELECT * FROM students; +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+------+ | num | f_name | l_name | student_id | email | date | +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+------+ | 1 | Russell | Martin | 396640 | martin@csc.gmail.com | NULL | | 2 | James | Bond | 7 | bond@gmail.com | NULL |bond@gmail.com +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

40. UPDATING THE TABLE The UPDATE statement is used to modify data in a table. mysql> UPDATE students SET date='2007-11-15' WHERE num=1; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 mysql> SELECT * FROM students; +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+------------+ | num | f_name | l_name | student_id | email | date | +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+------------+ | 1 | Russell | Martin | 396310 | abc@cs.gsu.edu | 2012-08-16abc@cs.gsu.edu | 2 | James | Bond | 7 | adv@cs.gsu.edu | NULL |adv@cs.gsu.edu +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) Note that the default date format is “YYYY-MM-DD” and I don’t believe this default setting can be changed.

41. DELETING SOME DATA The DELETE statement is used to delete rows in a table. mysql> DELETE FROM students WHERE l_name='Bond'; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> SELECT * FROM students; +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+------------+ | num | f_name | l_name | student_id | email | date | +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+------------+ | 1 | Russell | Martin | 396310 | abc@cs.gsu.edu | 2006-11-15 |abc@cs.gsu.edu +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)

42. THE FINAL TABLE We’ll first add another column, update the (only) record, then insert more data. mysql> ALTER TABLE students ADD gr INT; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> SELECT * FROM students; +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+------------+------+ | num | f_name | l_name | student_id | email | date | gr | +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+------------+------+ | 1 | Russell | Martin | 396310 | martin@gmail.com | 2007-11-15 | NULL |martin@gmail.com +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+------------+------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> UPDATE students SET gr=3 WHERE num=1; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 mysql> SELECT * FROM students; +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+------------+------+ | num | f_name | l_name | student_id | email | date | gr | +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+------------+------+ | 1 | Russell | Martin | 396310 | martin@gmail.com | 2007-11-15 | 3 |martin@gmail.com +-----+---------+--------+------------+----------------------+------------+------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> INSERT INTO students VALUES(NULL,‘James',‘Bond',007,'bond@csc.liv.ac.uk‘,‘2007- 11-15’, 1);...

43. THE FINAL TABLE (CONT.)... mysql> INSERT INTO students VALUES(NULL,‘Hugh,‘Milner',75849789,‘hugh@poughkeepsie.ny‘, CURRENT_DATE, 2); Note: CURRENT_DATE is a built-in SQL command which (as expected) gives the current (local) date. mysql> SELECT * FROM students; +-----+---------+----------+------------+----------------------------+------------+------+ | num | f_name | l_name | student_id | email | date | gr | +-----+---------+----------+------------+----------------------------+------------+------+ | 1 | Russell | Martin | 396310 | martin@ gmail.com | 2007-11-15 | 3 |martin@ gmail.com | 5 | Kate | Ash | 124309 | kate@ gmail.com | 2007-11-16 | 3 | | 3 | James | Bond | 7 | bond@ gmail.com | 2007-11-15 | 1| | 4 | Bob | Jones | 12190 | bob@nowhere.com | 2007-11-16 | 3 | | 6 | Pete | Lofton | 76 | lofton@iwannabesedated.com | 2007-11-17 | 2 | | 7 | Polly | Crackers | 1717 | crackers@polly.org | 2007-11-17 | 1| | 8 | Hugh | Milner | 75849789 | hugh@poughkeepsie.ny | 2007-11-17 | 2 | +-----+---------+----------+------------+----------------------------+------------+------+ 7 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> exit Bye

44. OTHER SQL COMMANDS SHOW tables; gives a list of tables that have been defined in the database ALTER TABLE students DROP email; would drop the “email” column from all records DROP TABLE students; deletes the entire “students” table, and its definition (use the DROP command with extreme care!!) DELETE FROM students; removes all rows from the “students” table (so once again, use the DELETE command with great caution), the table definition remains to be used again A more useful command is something like DELETE FROM students WHERE (num > 5) AND (num <= 10); which selectively deletes students based on their “num” values (for example). HELP; gives the SQL help HELP DROP; gives help on the DROP command, etc.

45. BACKING UP/RESTORING A MYSQL DATABASE You can back up an entire database with a command such as mysqldump –h mysql –u martin martin > backup.sql (Run from the Unix command line.) This gives a script containing SQL commands to reconstruct the table structure (of all tables) and all of the data in the table(s). To restore the database (from scratch) you can use this type of Unix command: mysql –h mysql –u martin martin < backup.sql (Use with caution, as this can overwrite your database.) Other commands are possible to backup/restore only certain tables or items in tables, etc. if that is what you desire. For example mysqldump –h mysql –u martin martin books clients> backup.sql stores information about the “books” and “clients” tables in the “martin” database.

46. PUTTING CONTENT INTO YOUR DATABASE WITH PHP We can simply use PHP functions and mySQL queries together: Connect to the database server and login (this is the PHP command to do so) mysql_connect("host","username","password"); Choose the database mysql_select_db("database"); Send SQL queries to the server to add, delete, and modify data mysql_query("query"); (use the exact same query string as you would normally use in SQL, without the trailing semi-colon) Close the connection to the database server (to ensure the information is stored properly) mysql_close();

47. STUDENT DATABASE: DATA_IN.PHP Putting Data in the DB <?php /*insert students into DB*/ if(isset($_POST["submit"])) { $db = mysql_connect("mysql”, “user“, “password”); mysql_select_db(“db"); $date=date("Y-m-d"); /* Get the current date in the right SQL format */ $sql="INSERT INTO students VALUES(NULL,'“. $_POST[“f_name"]. "','“. $_POST["l_name"]. "',“. $_POST["student_id"]. ",'“. $_POST["email"]. "','“. $date. "',“. $_POST["gr"]. ")"; /* construct the query */ mysql_query($sql); /* execute the query */ mysql_close(); echo" Thank you. The data has been entered. \n"; echo' Back to registration ‘. “\n”; echo' View the student lists ‘.”\n”; }

48. STUDENT DATABASE: DATA_IN.PHP else { ?> Enter your items into the database First Name: Last Name: ID: email: Group: 1 2 3 <?php } ?>

49. GETTING CONTENT OUT OF YOUR DATABASE WITH PHP Similarly, we can get some information from a database: Connect to the server and login, choose a database mysql_connect("host","username","password"); mysql_select_db("database"); Send an SQL query to the server to select data from the database into an array $result=mysql_query("query"); Either, look into a row and a fieldname $num=mysql_numrows($result); $variable=mysql_result($result,$i,"fieldname"); Or, fetch rows one by one $row=mysql_fetch_array($result); Close the connection to the database server mysql_close();

50. STUDENT DATABASE: DATA_OUT.PHP Getting Data out of the DB Student Database Order the full list of students by date, id, or by surname. Or only see the list of students in group 1 2 3

51. STUDENT DATABASE: DATA_OUT.PHP <?php /*get students from the DB */ $db = mysql_connect("mysql",“martin"); mysql_select_db(“martin", $db); switch($_GET["order"]){ case 'date': $sql = "SELECT * FROM students ORDER BY date"; break; case ‘student_id': $sql = "SELECT * FROM students ORDER BY student_id"; break; case ‘l_name': $sql = "SELECT * FROM students ORDER BY l_name"; break; default: $sql = “SELECT * FROM students”; break; } if(isset($_POST["submit"])){ $sql = “SELECT * FROM students WHERE gr=“. $_POST["gr"]; } $result=mysql_query($sql); /* execute the query */ while($row=mysql_fetch_array($result)){ echo " Name: “. $row["l_name"]. ', ‘. $row["f_name"]. " \n"; echo " ID: “. $row[“student_id"]. " Email: “. $row["email"]. " Group: “. $row["gr"]. " Posted: “. $row["date"]. " \n"; } mysql_close(); ?>

52. CAN DO EVEN MORE WITH PHP Can create tables in PHP Can delete rows and columns Can make updates Can make queries to several tables Can get connected to several databases * Find more information on PHP/mySQL

53. MYSQL INDEX TYPES INDEX - Good for individual row lookup and sorting / grouping results - works best with exact matches or prefix lookups PRIMARY KEY - Very little space, very very fast, exact match, requires no duplicates, extremely fast for integer fields FULLTEXT - Costly to maintain on insert of new data, can handle substrings and the LIKE clause

54. FULLTEXT DETAILS FULLTEXT indexes can be used only with tables that use the MyISAM engine. (ALTER TABLE tablename ENGINE = MyISAM;) FULLTEXT indexes can be created for CHAR, VARCHAR, and TEXT columns only. For large data sets, it is much faster to load your data into a table that has no FULLTEXT index and then create the index than to load data into a table that has an existing FULLTEXT index.

55. ADDING INDEXES You can add an index as part of a CREATE TABLE sequence or separately using an ALTER TABLE ALTER TABLE classics ADD INDEX(author); ALTER TABLE classics ADD FULLTEXT(title);

56. RETRIEVING ROWS WITH SELECT mysql> select * from classics;+----+---------------------+------------------------------+-------------+------+-------+| id | author | title | type | year | pages |+----+---------------------+------------------------------+- ------------+------+-------+| 1 | Mark Twain | The Adventures of Tom Sawyer | Fiction | 1876 | NULL || 2 | Jane Austen | Pride and Prejudice | Fiction | 1811 | NULL || 3 | Charles Darwin | The Origin of Species | Non-Fiction | 1856 | NULL || 4 | Charles Dickens | The Old Curiosity Shop | Fiction | 1841 | NULL || 5 | William Shakespeare | Romeo and Juliet | Play | 1594 | NULL |+- ---+---------------------+------------------------------+-------------+------+-------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql>

57. RETRIEVING ROWS WITH SELECT mysql> select title, year from classics;+------------------------------+------+| title | year |+------------------------------+------+| The Adventures of Tom Sawyer | 1876 || Pride and Prejudice | 1811 || The Origin of Species | 1856 || The Old Curiosity Shop | 1841 || Romeo and Juliet | 1594 |+------------------------------+------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>

58. COUNTING WITH SELECT mysql> select count(*) from classics;+----------+| count(*) |+----------+| 5 |+----------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql>

59. WHERE CLAUSE We can limit the rows we retrieve on a SELECT using a WHERE clause mysql> SELECT title, author, year FROM classics WHERE year > 1850;+------------- -----------------+----------------+------+| title | author | year |+----------- -------------------+----------------+------+| The Adventures of Tom Sawyer | Mark Twain | 1876 || The Origin of Species | Charles Darwin | 1856 |+----------------------------- -+----------------+------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql>

60. THE LIKE CLAUSE We can do wildcard matching in a WHERE clause using the LIKE operator mysql> SELECT title, author FROM classics WHERE title LIKE "%and%";+----------- ----------+---------------------+| title | author |+---------------------+---------- -----------+| Pride and Prejudice | Jane Austen || Romeo and Juliet | William Shakespeare |+---------------------+---------------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql>

61. ORDER BY mysql> SELECT title, author, year FROM classics ORDER BY year;+------------------- -----------+---------------------+------+| title | author | year |+-------- ----------------------+---------------------+------+| Romeo and Juliet | William Shakespeare | 1594 || Pride and Prejudice | Jane Austen | 1811 || The Old Curiosity Shop | Charles Dickens | 1841 || The Origin of Species | Charles Darwin | 1856 || The Adventures of Tom Sawyer | Mark Twain | 1876 |+------------------------------+---------------------+------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql>

62. ORDER BY mysql> SELECT title, author, year FROM classics ORDER BY year DESC;+--------- ---------------------+---------------------+------+| title | author | year |+------------------------------+---------------------+------+| The Adventures of Tom Sawyer | Mark Twain | 1876 || The Origin of Species | Charles Darwin | 1856 || The Old Curiosity Shop | Charles Dickens | 1841 || Pride and Prejudice | Jane Austen | 1811 || Romeo and Juliet | William Shakespeare | 1594 |+------------------------------+---------------------+------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> Indexes improve ORDER BY performance.

63. THE LIMIT CLAUSE The LIMIT clause can request the first "n" rows, or the first "n" rows after some starting row. Note: the first row is zero, not one WHERE and ORDER BY clauses happen *before* the LIMIT is applied mysql> SELECT title, author, year FROM classics ORDER BY year DESC LIMIT 2;+------------ ------------------+----------------+------+| title | author | year |+----------------------- -------+----------------+------+| The Adventures of Tom Sawyer | Mark Twain | 1876 || The Origin of Species | Charles Darwin | 1856 |+------------------------------+----------------+------+2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

64. THE LIMIT CLAUSE The LIMIT clause can request the first "n" rows, or the first "n" rows after some starting row. Note: the first row is zero, not one WHERE and ORDER BY clauses happen *before* the LIMIT is applied mysql> SELECT title, author, year FROM classics ORDER BY year DESC LIMIT 1,2;+---------- --------------+-----------------+------+| title | author | year |+------------------------+----- ------------+------+| The Origin of Species | Charles Darwin | 1856 || The Old Curiosity Shop | Charles Dickens | 1841 |+------------------------+-----------------+------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

65. GROUP BY AND COUNT We can get sub-counts of items where there are duplicate values in a column CREATE TABLE tracks ( id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT KEY, title VARCHAR(128), rating INTEGER); INSERT INTO tracks (title, rating) VALUES ('Who Made Who', 5);INSERT INTO tracks (title, rating) VALUES ('Stray Cat Strut', 4);INSERT INTO tracks (title, rating) VALUES ('The Twist', 2);INSERT INTO tracks (title, rating) VALUES ('Down With The Sickness', 4);INSERT INTO tracks (title, rating) VALUES ('Iron Man', 5);

66. mysql> SELECT * FROM tracks;+----+------------------------+--------+| id | title | rating |+----+------------------------+--------+| 1 | Who Made Who | 5 || 2 | Stray Cat Strut | 4 || 3 | The Twist | 2 || 4 | Down With The Sickness | 4 || 5 | Iron Man | 5 |+----+------------------------+--------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> SELECT rating, COUNT(rating) FROM tracks GROUP BY rating;+--------+---------------+| rating | COUNT(rating) |+--------+------------ ---+| 2 | 1 || 4 | 2 || 5 | 2 |+--------+---------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

67. mysql> SELECT rating, COUNT(rating) FROM tracks GROUP BY rating ORDER BY rating DESC;+--------+---------------+| rating | COUNT(rating) |+--------+--------------- +| 5 | 2 || 4 | 2 || 2 | 1 |+--------+---------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> SELECT rating, COUNT(rating) FROM tracks GROUP BY rating ORDER BY rating desc LIMIT 2;+--------+---------------+| rating | COUNT(rating) |+--------+---------------+| 5 | 2 || 4 | 2 |+--------+--- ------------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

68. UPDATE.. SET Allows the updating of one or more columns in a row or set of rows Usually used with a WHERE clause mysql> SELECT * FROM tweet;+--------------- -+-------+| text | zip |+----------------+---- ---+| Had pizza | 48842 || Had Chi Dog | 48109 || Went to 572 | 48109 || Coding at home | 48842 |+----------------+-------+

69. mysql> UPDATE tweet SET zip='49277' WHERE text = 'Had pizza';Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0mysql> SELECT * FROM tweet;+----------------+-------+| text | zip |+-- --------------+-------+| Had pizza | 49277 || Had Chi Dog | 48109 || Went to 572 | 48109 || Coding at home | 48842 |+----------------+-------+

70. JOIN We can pull "composite" rows from multiple tables as long as we have fields that can link rows from one table to the corresponding rows in another table.

71. mysql> select * from tweet;+------------ ----+-------+| text | zip |+--------- -------+-------+| Had pizza | 48842 || Had Chi Dog | 48109 || Went to 572 | 48109 || Coding at home | 48842 |+- ---------------+-------+ mysql> select * from zips;+-------+----- ------+-------+| zip | city | state |+--- ----+-----------+-------+| 48842 | Holt | MI || 48109 | Ann Arbor | MI |+--- ----+-----------+-------+ mysql> SELECT * FROM tweet JOIN zips ON tweet.zip = zips.zip;+----------- -----+-------+-------+-----------+-------+| text | zip | zip | city | state |+----------------+-------+-------+-----------+-------+| Had pizza | 48842 | 48842 | Holt | MI || Had Chi Dog | 48109 | 48109 | Ann Arbor | MI || Went to 572 | 48109 | 48109 | Ann Arbor | MI || Coding at home | 48842 | 48842 | Holt | MI |+----------------+-------+-------+-----------+-------+

72. mysql> SELECT text, city, state FROM tweet JOIN zips ON tweet.zip = zips.zip;+----------------+-----------+-------+| text | city | state |+----------------+-----------+-------+| Had pizza | Holt | MI || Had Chi Dog | Ann Arbor | MI || Went to 572 | Ann Arbor | MI || Coding at home | Holt | MI |+----------------+-----------+-------+

73. MYSQL FUNCTIONS Many operations in MySQL need to use the built-in functions  http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/string-functions.html  http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/date-and-time-functions.html

74. LEARNING OUTCOMES In this lecture you have learned  What is SQL  How to access mySQL database  How to create a basic mySQL database  How to use some basic queries  How to use PHP and mySQL