1. 1 Information Systems CS-507 Lecture 34

2. 2 Types of Controls Access Controls – Controlling who can access the system. Input Controls – Controls over how the data is input to the system. Communication Controls – Controls over the transfer of data over networks. Processing Controls – Controlling the processing of data Database Controls – Securing the most important asset of the organization Output controls – Controlling the privacy of the data.

3. 3 Objectives of the Access Controls The user should be given access to the nature and kind of resources he is entitled to access.

4. 4 Why Access Controls? Widespread deployment of distributed systems has resulted in many users being disbursed physically. e.g. through –Web based systems –Local Area Networks –Wide Area Networks The rapid growth of E-Commerce systems has resulted in substantial work being undertaken to identify and authenticate the parties.

5. 5 Cryptography “The conversion of data into a secret code for transmission over a public network.”

6. 6 Encryption The process of converting data into codes (cryptograms) Encryption Original Data Cipher-text / Encrypted data

7. 7 Decryption The process of decoding the code to arrive at data actually encrypted Decryption Cipher-text / Encrypted data Original Data

8. 8 Clear text – it is the data to be encrypted. Cipher text – it is the code created out of data after encryption The original text, or "plaintext," is converted into a coded equivalent called "cipher text" via an encryption process. Encryption Clear Text Cipher-text / Encrypted data

9. 9 Identification & Authentication What a user remembers – name, birth date, password What a user possesses – badge, plastic card What a user is – personal characteristics

10. 10 Biometrics “Biometrics can be defined as study of automated methods for uniquely recognizing humans based upon one or more intrinsic physical or behavioral traits.”

11. 11 Scope of Biometrics Finger print Hand print Voice Print Facial profiling – measuring distance between various points on face Iris/retinal recognition – eye patterns

12. 12 Other Types of Controls In addition to the aforesaid access controls, there may be –Input controls – controls over correct data entry –Communications controls – controls over transporting data safely through local area networks (LAN’s) or wide area networks (WAN’s). –Processing controls – Controls over the integrity of processing instructions being executed by the operating system and application softwares.

13. 13 –Database controls – implemented to maintain the integrity of the database. –Output controls – controls over providing right content to the users. The construction of effective security system should take into account the design and implementation of all the above controls.

14. 14 Operating system – an operating system connecting to a website is at the same time activating concealed link to transfer specified or all information. Application software – a software designed to compute interest at month end may contain unauthorized instruction to transfer pennies or cents or paisas to a particular account.

15. 15 Calculations are accurate and any rounding up or down is adequately explained and carried out Data is processed correctly as expected Control totals reconcile and processing errors are logged, researched and corrected timely Sufficient audit trail to trace from source to output and vice versa