1. Original powerpoint presentaiton found at www.iteachbio.com. Some information incorporated from T. Trimpe’s 2006 “Blood Basics” powerpoint posted at http://sciencespot.net

2. The Circulatory System- Transport The absorption and circulation of materials throughout an organism

3. The Human (Mammalian) Heart Structure 1. septum: muscular central wall dividing the mammalian heart into two halves 2. atria: thin walled upper heart chambers which receive blood pump blood to the ventricles 3. Ventricles: muscular thick walled chambers which pump blood from the heart -- the lower chambers 4. Valves - prevent the backward flow of blood in the heart

5. The heart functions as a double pump beating in unison. 1. Deoxygenated blood--relatively low in oxygen 2.Oxygenated blood--relatively high in oxygen ** Heartbeat is stimulated by an electrochemical impulse. Pacemaker - in the right atrium - initiates the heartbeat

6. Regulation of Heartbeat

8. Pathway of a Red Blood Cell through the Heart

9. 1. Inferior & superior vena cava 2. Right atrium 3. valve 4. Right ventricle 5. valve 6. Pulmonary arteries (BLOOD TO THE LUNGS – GAS EXCHANGE) … 7. Pulmonary veins 8. Left Atrium 9. valve 10. Left ventricle 11. valve 12. Aorta

10. A = aorta F = left ventricle B = pulmonary arteries G = right ventricle C = pulmonary veins H = valve D = left atrium I = vena cavae E = valve J = right atrium

11. Blood Vessels 1. Arteries --carry blood away from the heart --usually spurt blood when cut --all except the pulmonary artery carry oxygenated blood --thick walled and elastic pulse: expansion and contraction of the artery walls in response to the heartbeat

13. Veins --carry blood toward the heart --contain valves --closer to the body surface than the arteries --all except the pulmonary vein carry deoxygenated blood --thinner, less muscular and elastic than arteries --depend upon muscle and diaphragm movements for blood flow

15. Capillaries --most numerous vessels --connect arteries to veins --microscopic, one cell thick walls --site of much exchange between the blood and the intracellular fluid (lymph) by diffusion

16. What controls blood pressure? Blood viscosity Vasodilation or vasoconstriction Stroke volume Heart rate

19. Lymph vessels -have walls one cell thick -present around all body cells -Lymph composition is similar to that of blood except for the absence of RBC and some plasma proteins. -chief site of material exchange with the tissues

20. Major lymph vessels have lymph nodes which contain phagocytic white blood cells which filter bacteria and dead cells from the lymph. X = lymph nodes Valves are present in some lymph vessels-- aiding in the movement of the lymph. Respiratory movements also aid lymph flow.

21. Malfunctions and disorders of the heart and blood vessels Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) --caused by a narrowing of the arterioles resulting in an increased resistance to the flow of blood--increases the strain on the heart

22. Causes implicated: 1. excess sodium intake 2. stress 3. cigarettes (nicotine) 4. saturated fats 5. alcohol & caffeine 6. obesity 7. heredity & aging No cure--may be treated by medication & diet..."Silent killer"--millions don't know they have it

23. Angina pectoris --pain in the chest which radiates into the left shoulder and arm --occurs especially when physical exertion results in a lack of oxygen supply to the heart muscle --caused by a reduction of blood supply due to partial blockage(s) of coronary arteries

24. Coronary thrombosis - heart attack --caused by a blood clot in a coronary artery that stops circulation to part of the heart muscle --attack is fatal if much heart muscle is involved

25. Some Blood Functions Why do we need blood?????????

26. ** In general, the blood is a fluid tissue helping to maintain homeostasis for all cells in the body. Transport of needed substances to body cells. (oxygen, amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, salts, etc.)

27. 2. Transport of wastes from cells. (urea, water, carbon dioxide in the form of the bicarbonate ion) 3. Helps to maintain a constant body temperature. 4. Aids the body in fighting disease.

28. Blood Facts The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight. Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal. It also fights against infection and helps heal wounds, so we can stay healthy. There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and one white cell. http://www.bloodbankofalaska.org/about_blood/index.html

29. What makes up our blood? RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of the immune system and destroy infectious agents called pathogens. PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection. PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.

30. Blood Composition Plasma 55% (liquid part of the blood); Blood Cells 45%

31. BLOOD CELL TYPES Red Blood Cells: –most numerous –biconcave disc shaped –smaller than white blood cells, larger than platelets –no nucleus when mature –produced in the red marrow of long bones –destroyed in the liver and spleen –contain the iron protein compound HEMOGLOBIN whose chief function is to combine with oxygen and carry it to the cells

32. ** Carbon monoxide has 40X the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin--breathing it may lead to death

33. White Blood cells --largest blood cells--several different types --about 8,000 per drop of blood --most are formed in the bone marrow or in the lymph tissue --most protect the body against diseases by forming antibodies or engulfing bacteria

34. Main White Blood Cell Types 1.Phagocytes-- engulf bacteria and viruses by phagocytosis --able to leave the bloodstream and move between the cells of the body by squeezing through the capillary walls

35. 2. Lymphocytes--produce antibodies which clump bacterial poisons or bacteria (antigens) (antigens--foreign substances in the body)

36. 3. Platelets --smallest blood cells (fragments) --150,000 to 300,000 per drop of blood --needed for clotting

37. Clotting Process Involves a series of enzyme controlled reactions resulting in the formation of protein fibers that trap blood cells and form a clot.

39. Genetics of Blood Types Your blood type is established before you are BORN, by specific GENES inherited from your parents. These two genes - one gene from your MOTHER and one from your FATHER - determine your blood type by causing proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the surface of all of your red blood cells.

40. What are blood types? http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/types.cfm There are 3 alleles or genes for blood type: A, B, & O. Since we have 2 genes, there are 6 possible combinations. Blood Types AA or AO = Type A BB or BO = Type B OO = Type O AB = Type AB

41. How common is your blood type?

42. Rh Factors Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys to learn more about the human anatomy because there are certain similarities between the two species. While studying Rhesus monkeys, a certain blood protein was discovered. This protein is also present in the blood of some people. Other people, however, do not have the protein. The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor. If your blood does contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your blood does not contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-). A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O- http://www.fi.edu/biosci/blood/rh.html

43. Blood Transfusions A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s body can't make blood properly because of an illness. Who can give you blood? People with TYPE O blood are called Universal Donors, because they can give blood to any blood type. People with TYPE AB blood are called Universal Recipients, because they can receive any blood type. Rh +  Can receive + or - Rh -  Can only receive - Universal Donor Universal Recipient

44. Microscopic Views Bird Blood Cat Blood Dog Blood Fish Blood Frog Blood Snake Blood Human Blood Horse Blood