1. 1 EPIB 698E Lecture 1 Notes Instructor: Raul Cruz raulcruz@umd.edu 7/9/13

2. 2 Syllabus

3. 3 What is SAS? SAS = “Statistical Analysis System” – developed for both data manipulation and data analyses in 1976 Visit the SAS website: http://www.sas.com http://www.sas.com

4. 4 Basics of SAS 5 Windows EDITOR – file where you write code and comments for execution by SAS (save as.sas) LOG – file where notes about the execution of the program are written, as well as errors (save as.log) OUTPUT – file where results from the program are written (save as.lst) Explorer Window Results Window

5. 5 The SAS interface consists of multiple windows designed for specific functions. The following windows are open by default: Enhanced Editor Window Output Window Log Window Explorer Window Results Window Type SAS programs here. The "enhanced" editor has more advanced features than the traditional "program editor" used in SAS 6.12. View the results of SAS procedures including tables and line charts. Graphs will be displayed in a separate Graph window. View SAS programs as they execute including error messages and warnings. Browse your SAS tables (datasets) and libraries. Create new files and file shortcuts. Displays a hierarchical outline of SAS results to simplify output navigation.

6. 6 SAS Menus File: file input/output Edit: Editing contents in every window Contents in LOG and OUTPUT windows are not editable, but deletable View: view programs, log files, outputs, and data sets Tools: editors for graphics, report, table, etc Solutions: analysis without writing codes Window: navigating among windows Help: help information of SAS

7. 7 SAS toolbar The toolbar gives you quick access to commands that are already accessible through the pull down menus Not all operating environments have a toolbar

8. 8 SAS command bar Command bar is a place where you can type in SAS command. Most commands you can type in the command bar are accessible through the SAS menus or the toolbar

9. 9 Controlling your windows The window pull-down menu Type the name of the window in the command bar Click on the window

10. 10 Basic Rules of SAS Codes Every SAS statement ends with a semicolon ; Lines of data are NOT separated by semicolons SAS statements can extend over multiple lines provided you do not split a word of the statement across lines More than one statement can appear on a single line You can start statement anywhere within a line (not recommended) SAS is case insensitive Words in SAS statement are separated by blanks

11. 11 SAS Steps Two main types of SAS steps: Data Step: read in data, manipulate datasets etc. PROC Step: perform statistical analyses etc. DATA and PROC steps execute when a RUN, QUIT, or CARDS statement is enters Another DATA or PROC statement is entered The ENDSAS statement is entered

12. 12 SAS Comments Two ways to comment:  /* …..comments…..*/  good for long documentation  good for commenting out sections of code  *……comments……;  good for commenting out one line of code  only commented until first ‘;’  SAS Comments are green in (SAS steps are blue)

13. Example 1 /*Data instructor contains information of several teachers*/ data instructor; input name $ gender $ age; cards; Jane F 30 Mary F 29 Mike M 28 ; run; Proc means;var age; run;

14. SAS Dataset Basic structure: a rectangular matrix NameSexAge Observation 1JaneF30 Observation 2MaryF29 Observation 3MikeM28 Columns are variables Rows are observations

15. 15 SAS data type (1) Numeric data: numbers Can be added and subtracted Can have decimal places Can be positive or negative (2) Character data: contains letters, numerals or special characters

16. SAS Dataset and variable names Dataset name  Start with A-Z or underscore character _  Can contain only letters, numbers, or underscores  Can contain upper- and lowercase letters  choose names which are easy to be memorized  Can be greater than 8 characters in SAS 8.0+ Variable name: same rule as dataset name

17. 17 Examples: valid SAS names Parts LastName First_Name _Null1_ X12 X1Y1

18. 18 Examples: invalid SAS names 3Parts Last Name First-Name _Null1$ Num%

19. 19 Submitting a program in SAS First, get your program into the editor  Type your program in the editor  Open an existing SAS program: use open from the File full down menu or use the open icon or just click your SAS program directly

20. 20 Submitting a program in SAS Make your editor window active, and submit your code by  Submit Icon  Enter submit in the command bar  Select “submit” from the Run pull-down menu

21. 21 Submitting a program in SAS Reading the SAS log window  It starts with notes about the version of SAS and your SAS site number  Original SAS code with line numbers added on the left  Notes contains information about SAS data set and computer resources used

22. 22 Assessing errors in.log file Non-error SAS messages begin with NOTE: SAS error message begin with ERROR: or possibly WARNING: In data set creation NOTE’s are important to read because they indicate if the data set was created correctly. Many times there are no errors yet the data set is not correct. ERROR message sometimes give you hints about options or keywords in DATA/PROC steps

23. 23 The output window Viewing results from the output window  You can save and print contents in the output window  When you have a lot of output, one easy way to find the specific output is to use the list in the “results” window

24. 24 Creating HTML output Tools ---  Options --  Preferences Click on the “Results” tab Click the box next to “Create HTML” Once turned on, results will be show in the “Results Viewer” window Results viewer window just show one piece of output at a time To turn off, just uncheck it

25. 25 SAS Data Libraries A SAS library is simply a location where SAS data sets are stored Explorer window, click on “libraries”, there are at least three libraries: Sashelp, Sasuser and work. Sashelp and Sasuser contains information that controls your SAS session. Work is the default library, it is a temporary storage location for SAS data sets.

26. 26 Creating a new library Make the “Active libraries” window active (click Explorer, then click libraries) Choose “New” from the File menu or right click in the active libraries window and choose “New” from the pop-up menu

27. 27 Creating a new library Type the name of the library in the box after name. This name must be eight characters or fewer, and contains only letters, numbers and underscore. In the path field, type in the complete path to the folder or directory where you want to save your data (or use Browse)

28. 28 Creating a new library Another way to create a new library is to use the LIBNAME statement to associate the library with a directory accessible from your computer. LIBNAME mylib ‘H:/EPIB698A/week1’; associates the directory h:/EPIB698A/week1 with the name mylib. Mylib is known as a libref (a library reference)

29. Temporary/permanent SAS datasets Every SAS dataset is stored in a SAS data library. By default all data sets created during a SAS session are temporary data sets and are deleted when you close SAS. All data sets associated with the library WORK are deleted at the end of the SAS session (they are temporary). A permanent data set is a data set that will not be deleted when SAS is exited. To create a permanent data set, simply use a different library name to create a data set.

30. To create Permanent SAS datasets Code to create permanent SAS datasets libname yourlib ‘H:/EPIB698A/week1'; data yourlib.instructor; input name $ sex $ age; cards; Mike M 30 Wendy F 29 Jane F 28 ; run;

31. 31 To access Permanent SAS datasets When you start a new SAS session, the permanent datasets can be accessed directly using libref. The name of the libref can be different from the name you used when creating the permanent data set. libname mylib ‘H:/EPIB698A/week1'; proc print data=mylib.instructor; run;

32. 32 Viewing SAS data with SAS Explorer Click the libraries icon in the Explorer window Click the library you want to see Click the data name to open a SAS data To go back to the previous window within Explorer, choose “up one level” from the view menu, or click the up one level button on the toolbar

33. 33 Listing the properties of a SAS data set Right click the SAS data icon Select “Properties” from the pop up menu If choose columns, SAS displays information about the columns (or variables) in the data set.

34. 34 Using SAS system options System options are parameters you can change that affect SAS: how it works, what the output look like, how much memory used, et al. You can see the list of system options and their current values by the following procedure: Proc options; run;

35. 35 Change system options Options statement: it starts with the keyword “Options” and follows with a list of options you want to change with their values. Options Linesize=80 nodate;

36. 36 Change system options Another way to change system options is to use the SAS system options window Type “Options” in the command bar or select it from the Tools pull-down menu: options  system  locate options from the left side of the screen  right click specific options to change values

37. 37 Common options Center|Nocenter: output centered or left-justified Date|Nodate: today’s date appear in the output window Linesize=n: maximum length of output lines, possible values are 64 to 256. Number|Nonumber: page number for output window

38. 38 Common options Pageno=n: starts numbering output pages with n Pagesize=n: controls maximum number of lines per page of output. Possible values are 15 to 32767

39. PROC contents PROC contents prints the descriptive information about the data set and the variables in the data set  Data set information: name, number of observations, number of variables, and date created  Variable information: name, internal order, type, length, format/informat, and label Very useful for snapshot a data set Syntax: proc contents data=data_set_name; run;

40. TITLES Titles are descriptive headers SAS places at the top of each page of the OUT window. A title is set with the TITLE statement followed by a string of character. The string must be enclosed in single or double quotes. The maximum length for a string is 200 characters. If you want multiple line titles you can use the TITLE statement where the word title is followed by a number: title1 ‘EPIB 698A'; title2 'week1'; To clear the title setting simply execute title;

41. 41 PROC print The PRINT procedure prints the observations in a SAS data set to the output window. Features:  Autoformatting  columns labeled with variable names or labels  automatic accumulation and printing of subtotals and totals Syntax: proc print data=data_set_name options; var var1 var2 var3 var4; run; Order

42. 42 PROC print (cont.) Useful options with PROC print:  double: double spaces the output  noobs: suppresses observation numbers  label: uses variable labels as column headings added statements for use in PROC print:  prints different section at each level of “by” variable: by name_of_by_variable;  sums variables at bottom of output: sum variable_list;

43. 43 PROC print (cont.) The var statement  The var statement is used to specify the variables to process in a proc step. Not unique to proc print.  Variables are usually processed in the order listed in the var statement.  Only applies to a local proc step (not global)  If no var statement is used, generally the procedure will process all the variables (or all the numeric variables if a calculation is performed).

44. 44 Exercise 1 Always bring your USB memory Syllabus is online Securing SAS outside the classroom Labs (http://www.oit.umd.edu/as/cl/) Desktop version from departments SAS Enterprise

45. Lab with SAS Regents Drive Garage (Building #202) in Room 0504. The lab is open 24 hours, 7 days per week: http://www.oit.umd.edu/as/cl/http://www.oit.umd.edu/as/cl/ 45