2. Logic Synthesis assign z=a&b a b z

3. What is Synthesis synthesis /sinth siss/ noun ( pl. syntheses /sinth seez/) 1 the combination of components to form a connected whole. Often contrasted with ANALYSIS. 2 the production of chemical compounds by reaction from simpler materials. ANALYSIS — DERIVATIVES synthesist noun. — ORIGIN Greek sunthesis, from suntithemai ‘ place together ’.

4. Synthesis Translation from a higher-level description to a lower-level description Logic or RTL synthesis: Translation of RTL code to logic gates and other basic components

5. RTL synthesis

6. Partitioning for Synthesis

7. Guideline Avoid internally generated clocks Instead, use a separate block for clock generation

8. Rule Avoid combinational feedback

9. Do not use if statements to describe larger than 2-to-1 MUXs if (sel == 0) o = a; else if (sel == 1) o = b; else if (sel == 2) then o <= c; else o <= d;

10. Use Case statement instead case sel 0: o = a; 1: o = b; 2: o = c; 3: o = d; endcase

11. Register all outputs Bad Better Ideal

12. Avoid glue logic at the top Incorrect Correct

13. RTL coding for synthesis Keep code technology independent (no instantiations of technology primitives) Clock gating logic and reset generation kept in one block Avoid multiple clocks per block (Sync logic should be in a separate module) No glue logic at the top Register all outputs

14. RTL coding for logic No incomplete sensitivity lists Use the case statement for muxes, specifying the “others” case

15. RTL coding for state machines Use enumerated types, do not perform state assignment Separate combinational logic from state registers Use case statements

16. Specifying design constraints Timing (clock frequency, I/O timing) Area (mm^2, #CLBs) I/O pads and pins

17. Design for Reuse – IP block design

18. Design for Use vs Design for Reuse Design for use –Good documentation –Good code –Thorough commenting –Well-designed verification environment –Robust scripts Design for reuse (3x design for use effort) –Design to solve a general problem –Support for multiple technologies –Multiple simulator support (both VHDL and Verilog) –Support for standard-based interfaces –Verified to a high level of confidence –Fully documented

19. RTL coding guidelines for reuse Include a header mentioning –Filename –Author –Date –Time –Abstract –Modification history Use comments extensively, but not pointlessly Use indentation (recommended 2 spaces per nest)

20. Header example // File : tsu.v // Author : K. Tatas // Date : 09/06/07 // Version : 0.1 // Abstract : TSU top-level structural file // Modification History: // Date By Version Change Description // 9/06/07 K. Tatas 0.1 Original // 11/07/07 K.Tatas 1.1. Included Interrupt block // 03/08/07 K. Tatas 1.2 changes from OPB to PLB bus

21. I/O ordering One signal per line Separate inputs from outputs Order –Clocks –Resets –Control signals –Data/address signals module ack_queue (thread_out, status_out, aq_wr_en, clk, rst_n, aq_wr_en, aq_rd_en,aq_in, addr_aq_wr, addr_aq_rd); input clk //Clock signal (System clock) input rst_n //Reset signal (System reset) //////////////////////////////Control signals------------------------------------------- input [aq_fields-1:0] aq_wr_en //Write Enable signal (from control logic) input aq_rd_en //Read Enable signal (from control logic) //////////////////////////////DATA/ADDRESS signals---------------------------------------------- input [wordlength-1:0] aq_in //AQ number output [wordlength-1:0] thread_out //thread number output [wordlength-1:0] status_out //status input [log(aq_depth)-1: 0] addr_aq_wr //ack queue write address input [log(aq_depth)-1: 0] addr_aq_rd //ack queue read address

22. RTL coding guidelines for reuse Use std_logic types Do not use hard-coded numeric values Use packages Use descriptive names for signals, enitities, etc. Use nominal, not positional association in port mapping of components Use suffixes for signal names –_n for active low signals such as reset –_r for signals that are outputs of registers –_p, _p1, _p2, for phases of the same signal

23. Guideline Avoid mixed clock edges If not possible, isolate mixed clock domains