1. Japanese and Japanese-Americans in the U.S.

2. Timeline 1868: First Japanese immigrants arrive to work in the sugar plantations of Hawaii They are labeled “Mongolian” a racial category used to identify and define people of Asian ancestry.

3. 1906 : The Naturalization Act is passed. It provides the standards for the naturalization process and creates the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization to oversee immigration policy.

4. 1907 : The US and Japan create a “Gentleman’s Agreement”. Japan no longer issued passports to workers and the US could no longer prohibit Japanese immigration.

5. 1913: California passes the Alien Land Law mandating that those “ineligible for citizenship” can not own agricultural land either.

6. Ozawa v. United States 1922 : Takao Ozawa attempted to file for Naturalization under the argument that Japanese people were white and thus qualified. Judge George Sutherland argued that only Caucasians were white and Ozawa lost the case.

7. 1924 : The Asian Exclusion Act is passed. This prohibits the immigration of peoples of Asian ancestry to enter the country legally.

8. Immigration Quotas 1929 : An immigration quota is implemented capping the number of immigrants to 150,000. At this point, Asian immigration is completely prohibited.

9. 1941 : On December 7th, 1941- Pearl Harbor, Hawaii was attacked by the Imperial Japanese Navy.

10. Executive Order 9066 On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 allowing military personnel to establish “exclusion zones”, initiating the mass removal of people of Japanese origin.