1. Balance Sheet and Statement of Cash Flows
Chapter 5
Intermediate Accounting
12th Edition
Kieso, Weygandt, and Warfield

2. Learning Objectives
Explain the uses and limitations of a balance sheet.
Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.
Prepare a classified balance sheet using the report and account formats.
Determine which balance sheet information requires supplemental disclosure.
Describe the major disclosure techniques for the balance sheet.
Indicate the purpose of the statement of cash flows.
Identify the content of the statement of cash flows.
Prepare a statement of cash flows.
Understand the usefulness of the statement of cash flows.
1. On the topic, “Challenges Facing Financial Accounting,” what did the AICPA Special Committee on Financial Reporting suggest should be included in future financial statements?
Non-financial Measurements (customer satisfaction indexes, backlog information, and reject rates on goods purchases).
Forward-looking Information
Soft Assets (a company’s know-how, market dominance, marketing setup, well-trained employees, and brand image).
Timeliness (no real time financial information)

3. Balance Sheet and Statement of Cash Flows Statement of Cash Flows
Usefulness
Limitations
Classification
Additional information reported
Techniques of disclosure
Purpose
Content and format
Preparation
Usefulness
Service Cost - Actuaries compute service cost as the present value of the new benefits earned by employees during the year. Future salary levels considered in calculation.
Interest on Liability - Interest accrues each year on the PBO just as it does on any discounted debt.
Actual Return on Plan Assets - Increase in pension funds from interest, dividends, and realized and unrealized changes in the fair market value of the plan assets.
Amortization of Unrecognized Prior Service Cost - The cost of providing retroactive benefits is allocated to pension expense in the future, specifically to the remaining service-years of the affected employees.
Gain or Loss - Volatility in pension expense can be caused by sudden and large changes in the market value of plan assets and by changes in the projected benefit obligation. Two items comprise the gain or loss:
difference between the actual return and the expected return on plan assets and,
amortization of the unrecognized net gain or loss from previous periods

4. Balance Sheet Usefulness of the Balance Sheet
Evaluating the capital structure.
Assess risk and future cash flows.
Analyze the company’s:
Liquidity,
Solvency, and
Financial flexibility (A measure of adaptability of the business. It indicates the ability of an entity to take effective actions to alter amounts and timing of cashflow so that it can respond to unexpected needs and opportunities. Financial flexibility comes from quick access to cash. .

5. Balance Sheet Limitations of the Balance Sheet
Most assets and liabilities are reported at historical cost.
Use of judgments and estimates.
Many items of financial value are omitted.
LO 1 Understand the uses and limitations of an income statement.

6. Balance Sheet Classification in the Balance Sheet
Three General Classifications
Assets, Liabilities, and Stockholders’ Equity
Companies further divide these classifications:
Illustration Balance Sheet Classification
LO 2 Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.

7. Balance Sheet Current Assets
Cash and other assets a company expects to convert into cash, sell, or consume either in one year or in the operating cycle, whichever is longer.
Illustration Accounts and basis of valuation
LO 2 Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.

8. Review Balance Sheet The correct order to present current assets is
a. Cash, accounts receivable, prepaid items, inventories.
b. Cash, accounts receivable, inventories, prepaid items.
c. Cash, inventories, accounts receivable, prepaid items.
d. Cash, inventories, prepaid items, accounts receivable.
LO 8 Explain how to report other comprehensive income.

9. Balance Sheet – “Current Assets”
Cash
Generally any monies available “on demand.”
Cash equivalents are short-term highly liquid investments that will mature within three months or less.
Any restrictions or commitments must be disclosed.
Illustration 5-3
LO 2 Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.

10. Balance Sheet – “Current Assets”
Short-Term Investments
Portfolios
Type
Valuation
Classification
Held-to-Maturity
Debt
Amortized Cost
Current or Noncurrent
Trading
Debt or Equity
Fair Value
Current
Available- for-Sale
Debt or Equity
Fair Value
Current or Noncurrent
LO 2 Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.

11. Balance Sheet – “Current Assets”
Receivables
Claims held against customers and others for money, goods, or services.
Accounts receivable – oral promises
Notes receivable – written promises
Major categories of receivables should be shown in the balance sheet or the related notes.
LO 2 Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.

12. Balance Sheet – “Current Assets”
Accounts Receivable – Presentation Options 1
Current Assets: Cash $ 346 Accounts receivable 500 Less allowance for doubtful accounts Inventory 812 Total current assets $1,633 2
Current Assets:
Cash $ 346
Accounts receivable, net of $25 allowance 475
Inventory
Total current assets $1,633
LO 2 Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.

13. Balance Sheet – “Current Assets”
Inventories
Company discloses:
basis of valuation (e.g., lower-of-cost-or-market) and
the method of pricing (e.g., FIFO or LIFO).
LO 2 Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.

14. Balance Sheet – “Current Assets”
Prepaid Expenses
Payment of cash, that is recorded as an asset because service or benefit will be received in the future.
Cash Payment
Expense Recorded
BEFORE
Prepayments often occur in regard to:
insurance
supplies
advertising
rent
maintenance on equipment
LO 2 Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.

15. Balance Sheet – “Noncurrent Assets”
Long-Term Investments
Generally consists of four types:
Securities
Fixed assets
Special funds
Nonconsolidated subsidiaries or affiliated companies.
LO 2 Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.

16. Balance Sheet – “Noncurrent Assets”
Long-Term Investments
Securities
bonds,
stock, and
long-term notes
For marketable securities, management’s intent determines current or noncurrent classification.
LO 2 Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.

17. Balance Sheet – “Noncurrent Assets”
Long-Term Investments
Fixed Assets
Land held for speculation
LO 2 Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.

18. Balance Sheet – “Noncurrent Assets”
Long-Term Investments
Special Funds
Sinking fund
Pensions fund
Cash surrender value of life insurance
LO 2 Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.

19. Balance Sheet – “Noncurrent Assets”
Long-Term Investments
Nonconsolidated Subsidiaries or Affiliated Companies
LO 2 Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.

20. Balance Sheet – “Noncurrent Assets”
Property, Plant, and Equipment
Assets of a durable nature used in the regular operations of the business.
LO 2 Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.

21. Balance Sheet – “Noncurrent Assets”
Intangibles
Lack physical substance and are not financial instruments.
Limited life intangibles amortized.
Indefinite-life intangibles tested for impairment.
LO 2 Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.

22. Balance Sheet – “Exercise”
BE5-6 Mickey Snyder Corporation’s adjusted trial balance contained the following asset accounts at December 31, 2007: Prepaid Rent $12,000; Goodwill $40,000; Franchise Fees Receivable $2,000; Franchises $47,000; Patents $33,000; Trademarks $10,000. Prepare the intangible assets section of the balance sheet.
Intangibles
Goodwill $ 40,000
Franchises 47,000
Patents 33,000
Trademarks 10,000
Total $130,000
LO 2 Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.

23. Balance Sheet – “Noncurrent Assets”
Other Assets
This section should include only unusual items sufficiently different from assets in the other categories.
LO 2 Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.

24. Balance Sheet Current Liabilities
“Obligations that a company reasonably expects to liquidate either through the use of current assets or the creation of other current liabilities.”
LO 2 Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.

25. Balance Sheet Long-Term Liabilities
“Obligations that a company does not reasonably expect to liquidate within the normal operating cycle.”
All covenants and restrictions must be disclosed.
LO 2 Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.

26. Balance Sheet – “Exercise”
BE5-9 Included in Ewing Company’s December 31, 2007, trial balance are the following accounts: Accounts Payable $240,000; Pension Liability $375,000; Discount on Bonds Payable $24,000; Advances from Customers $41,000; Bonds Payable $400,000; Wages Payable $27,000; Interest Payable $12,000; Income Taxes Payable $29,000. Prepare the long-term liabilities section of the balance sheet.
Long-term liabilities
Pension liability $375,000
Bonds payable 400,000
Discount on bonds payable (24,000)
Total 751,000
LO 2 Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.

27. Balance Sheet Owners’ Equity
Companies usually divide equity into three parts, (1) Capital Stock, (2) Additional Paid-In Capital, and (3) Retained Earnings.
Illustration 5-15
LO 2 Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet.

28. Balance Sheet - Format Classified Balance Sheet Account form
Report form
Accounting Trends and Techniques—2004 (New York: AICPA) indicates that all of the 600 companies surveyed use either the “report form” (506) or the “account form” (94), sometimes collectively referred to as the “customary form.”
LO 3 Prepare a classified balance sheet using the report and account formats.

29. Additional Information Reported
There are normally four types of information that are supplemental to account titles and amounts presented in the balance sheet:
Contingencies
Accounting Policies
Contractual Situations
Fair Values

30. Bankruptcy prediction model (Proposed by E.I. Altman)
Z= Working Capital/TA * Retained Earnings/TA*1.4+EBIT/TA*3.3+Sales/TA * MV equity/TL*0.6
TA= Total Assets
TL= Total Liabilities
MV= Market Value
Companies with Z scores above 3.0 are unlikely to fail
Companies with Z scores below 1.81 are very likely to fail

31. 1. Contingencies: Material events that have an uncertain outcome.
It is an existing situation involving uncertainty as to possible gain (gain contingency) or loss( loss contingency) that will ultimately be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. Examples of gain contingencies are tax operating loss carryforwards or company litigation against another party. . Typical loss contingencies relate to litigation , environmental issues, possible tax assessments, or government investigations.

32. Accounting policies: Discuss about the method use for valuation of inventory, investment and estimation of depreciation
Contractual situations : Explanations of certain restrictions or covenants attach to specific assets or more likely to specific liabilities.
Fair values: Disclosure of fair value particularly for financial instruments

33. Techniques of Disclosure
Parenthetical Explanations
Notes
Cross-Reference and Contra Items
Supporting Schedules
Terminology
LO 5 Describe the major disclosure techniques for the balance sheet.

34. The Statement of Cash Flows
One of the three basic objectives of financial reporting is
“assessing the amounts, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows.”
LO 6 Indicate the purpose of the statement of cash flows.

35. The Statement of Cash Flows
Purpose of the Statement
To provide relevant information about the cash receipts and cash payments of an enterprise during a period.
The statement provides answers to the following questions:
Where did the cash come from?
What was the cash used for?
What was the change in the cash balance?
LO 6 Indicate the purpose of the statement of cash flows.

36. Usefulness of the Statement of Cash Flows
Financial Liquidity
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
Current Cash Debt Coverage Ratio =
Average Current Liabilities
Ratio indicates whether the company can pay off its current liabilities from its operations. A ratio near 1:1 is good.
LO 9 Understand the usefulness of the statement of cash flows.

37. Usefulness of the Statement of Cash Flows
Financial Flexibility
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
Cash Debt Coverage Ratio =
Average Total Liabilities
This ratio indicates a company’s ability to repay its liabilities from net cash provided by operating activities, without having to liquidate the assets employed in its operations.
LO 9 Understand the usefulness of the statement of cash flows.

38. Usefulness of the Statement of Cash Flows
Free Cash Flow
Illustration 5-34
The amount of discretionary cash flow a company has for purchasing additional investments, retiring its debt, purchasing treasury stock, or simply adding to its liquidity.
LO 9 Understand the usefulness of the statement of cash flows.

39. Balance Sheet
Review
The current cash debt coverage ratio is often used to assess
a. financial flexibility.
b. liquidity.
c. profitability.
d. solvency.
LO 9 Understand the usefulness of the statement of cash flows.