1. Final Review Focus- Chapter 4: Network layer Chapter 5: Data link layer Notes: Physical layer Understand previous chapters covered in class. Final exam is on Monday 5/9 8:00-10:00am in our classroom. You are allowed to bring a calculator (only for calculation) and a single-sided formula sheet

2. Chapter 4: Network Layer  Addressing: differences between IPv4 and IPv6 addressing, why these differences  Network layer protocols: ICMP, DHCP, NAT, what they are and what they do  Routing algorithms and protocols: their relationship, comparative study of link state and distance vector algorithms, detailed operation of Dijkstra algorithm and Bellman-Ford algorithm, count-to-infinity problem and solution. RIP, OSPF, and BGP, what algorithm they use and how they operate, how intra-AS and inter-AS routing protocols interoperate in a given network (e.g., where they run and how they configure the forwarding table)

3. Chapter 5: Data Link Layer  Basic concepts: what services data link layer provides, compare data link layer and transport layer services, understand the difference of these services and the necessity of each layer  Error detection (with limited correction capability): parity check, Internet checksum, CRC, how to calculate them and how limited error correction can be provided  Multiple access protocols: whether a given multiple access protocol is broadcast or point-to-point, pros and cons of three classes of MAC protocols, name the protocols in each class, focus on random access protocols, understand ALOHA, slotted ALOHA, and CSMA/CD (operations, pros and cons, efficiency, suitable applications), how is carrier sensing and collision detection performed in Ethernet, what kind of communication links CSMA/CD best suits, the services and line coding scheme of Ethernet

4. Chapter 5: Data Link Layer (Cont’d)  MAC address and ARP: compare MAC address and IP address, their uses in forwarding packets on the same LAN and between LANs, when ARP is needed and its detailed operation  Switch and VLAN: difference between hub and switch, how is the switch table configured, how switches do filtering and forwarding, where to connect a switch in a network and how to choose between switch and router in connecting a network, concept of VLAN, how to create port-based VLANs on a switch, how to forward packets between VLANs  PPP: services PPP provides, why byte stuffing is needed and how it is done  ARQ: think about the difference between link layer and transport layer implementations of ARQ, which implementation is more difficult? Calculate the channel efficiency of the three ARQ protocols, for both error-free and error-prone channels

5. Physical Layer  Basic concepts: physical layer services, what source coding, channel coding and modulation do, physical components, information carriers of a signal, definition of spectrum and bandwidth, channel impairments, factors affecting data rate  Channel capacity: definition, understand Nyquist sampling rate (lower bound) and Nyquist capacity (upper bound), calculate Shannon capacity (the theoretical upper bound of the channel capacity of noisy channels), understand the factors limiting the channel capacity (B, SNR)  Line coding and modulation: detailed operation of each line coding scheme, understand different digital modulation schemes and their impacts on data rate  Others: know the steps in digitally transmitting an analog signal, know the concept and advantages of spread spectrum, know the different transmission media (wired and wireless) and their frequency bands