1. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Why We Care or Why We Go to Sea

2. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Who Uses the Data? Shipboard personnel Vessel operations Ocean deployments (buoys, CTDs, towed instruments) Science during cruise Secondary users (not on cruise) Ocean and atmosphere modelers Satellite (and other remote) measurement community Air-sea interaction researchers Product developers (climate atlases, gridded fields) Instrument developers

3. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Satellite Algorithm Development Courtesy Darren Jackson, CIRES, NOAA/ESRL

4. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Satellite Validation Research vessel observations provide an independent assessment of biases in marine observations made by Earth-orbiting satellites (and other remote sensing platforms)

5. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Ocean Model Verification Ship vs. Model Ship track over model salinity

6. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Air-Sea Flux Parameterization

7. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Real-Time Forecast Validation Data QC http://catalog1.eol.ucar.edu/cgi-bin/dynamo/research/date_browse?dateUTC=20111116

8. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu 2007-1999 (28 cruises) Where does the data go?

9. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu How to Measure Know what you want to measure…..parameter(s) Know Temporal and Spatial scales Know sensor characteristics  Accuracy, Precision, Range, …… Know the data acquisition system Know the environment you will be working in

10. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu What to Measure Meteorology Wind directions and speed Air temperature Humidity Pressure Rainfall Radiation Oceanography Sea temperature Salinity Navigation Latitude and longitude Course over ground Speed over ground Speed relative to water Heading

11. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Time Scales

12. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Time Scales

13. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Time Scales monthly weekly …. daily

14. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Sampling Rates The Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem in general states a signal can be reconstructed from its samples if the sampling frequency is greater than twice the highest frequency of the signal: also known as the Nyquist frequency. Oversampling is often preferred as it: Can aid in anti-aliasing Can be used to increase resolution when using A/D convertors Can also help reduce uncorrelated noise when averaging multiple samples.

15. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Accuracy / Precision Targets

16. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Accuracy/Precision

17. An Introduction to Marine Meteorology How does the Marine Environment differ from that over land? Homogeneity Moisture source Surface friction Diurnal cycles

18. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Surface Pressure Pressure decreases with increasing height above the surface ~0.1 mb m -1 near the surface At a given location, pressure varies slowly Typical range is 990-1030 mb away from strong storms A diurnal atmospheric tide exists with a range of ±3 mb in the tropics http://volney-bodley-weather-project.wikispaces.com/

19. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu C % ms -1 Balloon Temperature, Humidity, and Winds

20. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Balloon Temperature, Humidity, and Winds Speed RH Temp Dir

21. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Precipitation/Clouds 24 hr Accumulated Rain Radar reflectivity

22. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Water Vapor 24 Oct 06Z Satellite

23. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Total Precip 1.3 to 5.6 mm Time (UTC) Precipitation/Clouds

24. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Precipitation

25. Temperature Air Rain Rate

26. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Sea Temperature Local Time

27. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Sea Temperature

28. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Radiation Downwelling shortwave radiation Most common measurement on a research vessel Value ~1000 Wm -2 on clear day at low latitude Short-term variations commonly identify passing clouds (or other shadows). Downwelling longwave (infrared) radiation Emitted by clouds and atmospheric gases In tropics, ranges from 350-400 Wm -2

29. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu Radiation SW LW

30. http://samos.coaps.fsu.edu End Lesson One