1. Warm Up In your own words, what is Chemistry?

2. Objectives Identify 5 traditional areas of chemistry Relate pure chemistry to applied chemistry Identify reasons to study chemistry

3. Key Concepts Why is the scope of Chemistry so vast?* What are the 5 traditional areas of study in chemistry?* What are three general reasons to study chemistry?*

4. A Brief History of the Universe The universe began 13.4 Billions years ago, in a massive expansion of space and time and called the Big Bang. Shortly there after (about 400 million years) the very first stars began to form.

5. A Brief History of the Universe The early universe was composed almost entirely of Hydrogen, in addition to some very small amounts of Helium & Lithium. None of the other elements on the periodic table existed in the early universe.

6. A Brief History of the Universe Hydrogen is the first and most simplest of elements, consisting of only 1 proton. An element is the type or identity of an atom and is determined by the number of protons the atom has.

7. A Brief History of the Universe

8. Fusion The process by which the larger elements on the periodic table are created is called: fusion. Fusion is when two or more atoms “fuse” together to form one larger atom. Prior to the 1950’s, Fusion was known to occur in only 1 place: the center of stars.

9. Fusion Through Fusion inside of stars, almost all of the other elements on the periodic table are created from Hydrogen. That means that elements like carbon and oxygen that make up our bodies are in fact the remnants of a star that died long before the earth formed and ejected those elements out into the universe. One scientist has referred to life forms as “recycled star dust.”

10. Fusion

11. The fusion process releases a tremendous amount of energy – it is fusion that powers stars including our sun. The equation for the energy released by fusion is famous: E=mc 2 Where… E = Energy C = speed of light M = mass

12. Fusion Fusion has been replicated here on earth in the form of super weapons: Nuclear bombs. While scientist have been trying for 50 or more years to create a stable, controlled fusion process here on earth as a source of power, so far our efforts have been unsuccessful.

13. Fission The opposite of Fusion is Fission. Fission is when one very large atom like Uranium, which has 92 protons compared to just the 1 proton of hydrogen, splits apart. This is triggered by a neutron being fired at the center of the atom.

14. Fission model

15. Fission in a nuclear power plant:

16. Fission Fission also releases a good amount of energy, but NOT nearly as much as fusion does per gram of fuel. “Nuclear Power Plants” are essentially fission plants - Uranium is steadily consumed in a controlled process to produce power. The first atomic bombs, like the one dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was a very rapid and uncontrolled fission bomb. E = mc 2 does NOT apply to fission, only fusion.

17. What is Chemistry? Chemistry – the study of the composition of matter and the changes matter undergoes Living and nonliving things are made of matter – chemistry affects all aspects of life!*

18. What is Chemistry? Matter – anything that has mass and occupies space Examples: A box Trees You! Even air! (even though you can’t see it)

19. Matter vs. Nonmatter In your notes, list 5 things that are matter and 5 that are not matter

20. Matter vs. Nonmatter Nonmatter Time Sound Sunlight Love Thoughts Heat Memories Rainbow Gravity Energy

21. Question What is wrong with an advertisement for juice drinks that claims the juice is all- natural and free of chemicals?

22. Question What is wrong with an advertisement for juice drinks that claims the juice is all- natural and free of chemicals? Chemical – describes all types of matter Everything is made of matter therefore everything contains chemicals

23. 5 Branches of Chemistry*

24. Organic Chemistry Study of all chemicals containing carbon Most chemicals found in organisms contain carbon

25. Inorganic Chemistry Study of chemicals that do not contain carbon Many inorganic chemicals are found in nonliving things Example: water

26. Biochemistry The study of processes that take place in living things Examples: muscle contraction and digestion

27. Analytical Chemistry The area of study that focuses on the composition of matter Examples: Measuring the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Measuring the level of lead in drinking water

28. Physical Chemistry The area that deals with the mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change Example: nitric acid eating through wood

29. 5 Branches of Chemistry REVIEW Which area of study would you use to determine the components of a unknown liquid? a. physical chemistry b. biochemistry c. organic chemistry d. analytical chemistry

30. Question Can a chemist work in more than one area at a given time?

31. Question Can a chemist work in more than one area at a give time? Answer: Yes An organic chemist can use analytical chemistry to determine the composition of an organic chemical

32. Pure vs. Applied Chemistry Pure chemistry – gathers knowledge for the sake of knowledge Chemist doesn’t expect an immediate use of knowledge Applied chemistry - uses chemistry to attain certain goals, in fields like medicine, agriculture, and manufacturing. Applied chemistry leads to an application

33. Pure vs. Applied Chemistry Nylon – Figure 1.3, page 9

35. Pure versus applied chemistry Aspirin (C 9 H 8 O 4 ) - Long before researchers figured out how aspirin works, people used it to relieve pain, and doctors prescribed it for patients who were at risk for a heart attack. In 1971, it was discovered that aspirin can block the production of a group of chemicals that cause pain and lead to the formation of blood clots. This is an example of pure research.

36. Why Study Chemistry? Chemistry can be useful in: * Explaining the natural world Preparing people for career opportunities Producing informed citizens

37. Explaining the Natural World Chemistry can help satisfy your natural desire to understand how things work It can explain why apples turn brown when exposed to air It can explain why water expands when it freezes

38. Preparing Your Career Though you may not be a chemist, an understanding of chemistry can be beneficial to your career choices A firefighter must know which chemicals to use to fight different types of fires (electrical, grease)

39. Preparing Your Career Can you name other professions where knowledge of Chemistry is important?

40. Preparing Your Career Can you name other professions where knowledge of Chemistry is important? Farming Landscapers Photographers Doctors/nurses Pharmacist

41. Being an Informed Citizen You will need to make choices that will influence the direction of scientific research. You may vote directly on some issues through ballot initiatives or indirectly through the officials you elect.

42. Section Assessment 1. Workers digging a tunnel through a city find some ancient pots decorated with geometric designs. Which of the following tasks might they ask a chemist to do? Explain. a. Determine the materials used to make the pots b. Explain what the designs on the pots represent c. Recommend how to store the pots to prevent further damage

43. Section Assessment 2. Would a geologist ask a biochemist to help identify the minerals in a rock? Explain.

44. DoNOW Name the 5 branches of Chemistry

46. Objectives Identify areas of research affected by chemistry Describe examples of research in chemistry Distinguish between macroscopic and microscopic views

47. Key Concepts What impact do chemists have on materials, energy, medicine, agriculture, the environment and the study of the universe?*

48. Materials Chemists design materials to fit specific needs* George de Mestral of Switzerland Observed burrs that stuck to his clothing to find that they looked like small hooks Velcro was developed

49. Redneck childcare

50. Materials Macroscopic – objects that are large enough to see with the unaided eye Microscopic – objects that can be seen only under magnification

51. Energy Chemists play an essential role in finding ways to conserve energy, produce energy, and store energy* Conserve – insulation Produce – oil from soybeans to make biodiesal Store - batteries

52. Medicine and Biotechnology Chemistry supplies the medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use to treat their patients* Medicines – aspirin, penicillin, Vitamin C Materials – materials for diseases arteries and artificial hips/knees Biotechnology – applies science to production of biological products/processes – bacteria producing insulin

53. Agriculture Chemists help develop more productive crops and safer, more effective way to protect crops* Productivity – soil, water, weeds, plant diseases, pests that eat crops Protection – insecticides

54. The Environment Chemists help to identify pollutants and prevent pollution* Pollutant – material found in air, water or soil that is harmful to humans and other organisms Common pollutant - lead

56. The Universe To study the universe, chemists gather data from afar and analyze matter that is brought back to Earth* Composition of stars by analyzing light transmitted Moon rocks

57. Section Assessment 1. Use lead as an example to explain the meaning of term pollutant. 1. Can you name another pollutant? 2. Use an example to compare and contrast the term macroscopic and microscopic.

58. DoNow Name 3 areas of research affected by chemistry

60. Objectives Describe how Lavoisier transformed chemistry Identify three steps in the scientific method Explain why collaboration and communication are important in science

61. Key Concepts How did alchemy lay the groundwork for chemistry?* How did Lavoisier help to transform chemistry?* What are the steps in the scientific method?* What role do collaboration and communication play in science?*

62. History In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed that bacteria he was studying did not grow in the presence of a yellow-green mold. In 1945, Fleming shared a Nobel Prize for Medicine with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, who led the team that isolated penicillin.

63. Alchemy Alchemists developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals* Developed processes for separating mixtures Designed equipment still used today

64. Lavoisier Lavoisier transformed chemistry from science of observation to science of measurement* Lavoisier developed a balance that could measure mass to the nearest 0.0005 grams

65. Lavoisier Laboratory

66. Lavoisier Big accomplishment Settled a long standing debate about how materials burn They need oxygen!

67. The Scientific Method Logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem Steps of Scientific Method:* Making observations Testing hypotheses Developing theories

68. Observations Use your senses to obtain information 2 types: Quantitative – use of numbers (95 o C) Qualitative – use of word description (hot, cold)

69. Testing Hypotheses Hypothesis – proposed explanation for an observation Must be tested using experiment Experiment gathers new information to help decide whether the hypothesis is valid

70. Testing Hypotheses When designing experiments you have variables (factors) that change 2 types of variables: Independent variable – the variable that you change during an experiment Dependent variable – the variable that is observed during an experiment

71. Testing Hypotheses 2 outcomes: Hypothesis is supported Hypothesis is not supported For results to be accepted, experiment must produce the same results every time experiment is run (and be replicable by others)

72. Developing Theories Theory – well tested explanation for a broad set of observations Theory is developed once a hypothesis meets the test of repeated experimentation

73. Scientific Law Mathematical relationship Example (in Chapter 14): Law of Conservation of Mass

74. Law vs. Theory (Know difference!) Law – summarizes what has happened Theory – an attempt to explain why it happened Theories change as new information is gathered

76. Collaboration/Communication When scientists collaborate and communicate, they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome*

77. Section Assessment 1. When can a hypothesis become a theory? 2. Why should a hypothesis be developed before experiments take place? 3. What is the difference between a theory and a scientific law?

78. DoNow What are the 3 steps in the Scientific Method and describe each step

80. Objectives/Key Concepts Identify 2 general steps in problem solving* Describe 3 steps for solving numeric problems* Describe 2 steps for solving conceptual problems*

81. Problems Problems are everywhere, not just in chemistry An answer to these problems needs to be determined Trial and error doesn’t always work

82. Problem Solving 2 steps to effective problem solving: 1. Developing a plan 2. Implementing that plan The skills used in solving a word problem in chemistry is the same as solving everyday problems such as cooking and shopping

83. Numeric Problems In chemistry most problems involve math (haha suckers!) 3 steps for solving a numeric word problem:* 1. Analyze 2. Calculate 3. Evaluate

84. Analyze Determine what are the known factors, and write them down on your paper! Determine what is the unknown. If it is a number, determine the units needed Plan how to relate these factors- choose an equation; use table or graph

85. Calculate – MATH! If you plan is correct, this should be the easiest step You can use a calculator but you need to know how to use it properly May involve rearranging an equation (just like algebra!) or conversion of units

86. Evaluate Questions to ask yourself: Is answer reasonable? Does it make sense? Do you need to round answer? Do you need scientific notation? Do you have correct units? Did you even answer the question?

87. Sample Problem 1.1 On the average, a baseball team wins two out of every three games it plays. How many games will this team lose in a typical 162- game season? Show your work.

88. Conceptual Problems Not every problem in chemistry needs math, some problems you need to apply concepts 2 steps to solving conceptual problems:* 1. Analyze 2. Solve Plan needed to link unknown but don’t need to check calculations or units

89. Section Assessment There are 3600 seconds in an hour. How many seconds are there in one day? 1. Identify the known and unknown 2. What relationship between the known and unknown do you need to solve the problem? 3. Calculate the answer to the problem. 4. Evaluate your answer and explain why your answer makes sense