1. The relations between the BIS and BAS, anger and responses to anger

2. RST and Affect Beyond their role in motivation and learning, activation of the BIS and BAS has been linked with affective states (eg Carver & White, 1994; Gray, 1990, 1994). Beyond their role in motivation and learning, activation of the BIS and BAS has been linked with affective states (eg Carver & White, 1994; Gray, 1990, 1994). The BAS has been linked with positive affective states and the BIS with negative affective states. The BAS has been linked with positive affective states and the BIS with negative affective states.

3. RST and Affect Review of the RST and affect research (Gomez & Cooper, 2007). Review of the RST and affect research (Gomez & Cooper, 2007). Review: Review: Most RST studies have used mood induction techniques designed to induct general PA and NA rather than specific emotion/mood states. Most RST studies have used mood induction techniques designed to induct general PA and NA rather than specific emotion/mood states. Solid support for link between BAS/PA and BIS/NA. Solid support for link between BAS/PA and BIS/NA. Similar to support shown for E/PA and N/NA links. Similar to support shown for E/PA and N/NA links. Link possibly mediated by various cognitive emotion information processing mechanisms. Link possibly mediated by various cognitive emotion information processing mechanisms.

4. RST and Anger Previous research using both EEG (Harmon- Jones & Allen, 1998; Harmon-Jones & Sigelman, 2001) and questionnaire based methods (Carver, 2004; Harmon-Jones, 2003; Smits & Kuppens, 2005) have linked trait and state anger with individual differences in BAS sensitivity. Previous research using both EEG (Harmon- Jones & Allen, 1998; Harmon-Jones & Sigelman, 2001) and questionnaire based methods (Carver, 2004; Harmon-Jones, 2003; Smits & Kuppens, 2005) have linked trait and state anger with individual differences in BAS sensitivity.

5. RST and Anger Carver (2004): Carver (2004): Hypothetical anger inducing scenarios – anger level positively predicted by BAS RR. Hypothetical anger inducing scenarios – anger level positively predicted by BAS RR. Anger reactions to 9/11 positively related to BAS Drive. Anger reactions to 9/11 positively related to BAS Drive. Some evidence that some negative affects are more strongly related to BAS sensitivity than BIS sensitivity. Some evidence that some negative affects are more strongly related to BAS sensitivity than BIS sensitivity.

6. Carver (2004)

8. RST and Anger Smits and Kuppens (2005) Smits and Kuppens (2005) examined the relations between the BIS and BAS and trait anger as assessed in a context driven (using scenarios and guided imagery) and context free (questionnaire assessment) mode. examined the relations between the BIS and BAS and trait anger as assessed in a context driven (using scenarios and guided imagery) and context free (questionnaire assessment) mode. They found that both trait anger measures were predicted by BAS D and BIS; BIS became a non- significant predictor when controlling for neuroticism. They found that both trait anger measures were predicted by BAS D and BIS; BIS became a non- significant predictor when controlling for neuroticism.

9. RST and Anger Smits and Kuppens (2005) Smits and Kuppens (2005) In a second study, they went on to examine how the BIS and BAS relate to anger-in and anger-out, and physical and verbal aggression. In a second study, they went on to examine how the BIS and BAS relate to anger-in and anger-out, and physical and verbal aggression. They found that anger-in was related to high BIS and low BAS, and that anger-out was related to high BAS and low BIS. They found that anger-in was related to high BIS and low BAS, and that anger-out was related to high BAS and low BIS. anger-out and physical and verbal aggression were significantly and negatively predicted by BIS and positively by BAS D & FS, but that when controlling for trait anger only the BIS significantly and negatively predicted the dependent variables. Thus aggression related to BIS- rather than BAS+. anger-out and physical and verbal aggression were significantly and negatively predicted by BIS and positively by BAS D & FS, but that when controlling for trait anger only the BIS significantly and negatively predicted the dependent variables. Thus aggression related to BIS- rather than BAS+.

10. Anger Responses There has been a commonly utilised distinction made between anger-in (suppressing the expression of felt anger) and anger-out (expressing anger outwardly) (Averill, 1983; Spielberger, 1999). There has been a commonly utilised distinction made between anger-in (suppressing the expression of felt anger) and anger-out (expressing anger outwardly) (Averill, 1983; Spielberger, 1999). More recently, it has been argued that anger responses need to be broadened beyond a simple anger-in/anger- out dichotomy (Kuppens et al., 2004; Linden et al., 2003). More recently, it has been argued that anger responses need to be broadened beyond a simple anger-in/anger- out dichotomy (Kuppens et al., 2004; Linden et al., 2003). The broader conceptualisation of anger responses may include direct verbal or physical aggression, indirect or distal aggression, social support seeking and the diffusion or cognitive reappraisal of angry feelings. The broader conceptualisation of anger responses may include direct verbal or physical aggression, indirect or distal aggression, social support seeking and the diffusion or cognitive reappraisal of angry feelings.

11. Study 1 Smits and Kuppens (2005) did not examine anger responses to specific scenarios, but rather used separate, non-related measures of aggression and anger coping. Smits and Kuppens (2005) did not examine anger responses to specific scenarios, but rather used separate, non-related measures of aggression and anger coping. The current study will examine a wide range of potential anger responses. The current study will examine a wide range of potential anger responses. Important to distinguish different motivations for aggression eg defensive aggression/FFFS, predatory aggression/BAS. The current study is not examining aggression per se, but rather aggression specifically as a response to anger. Important to distinguish different motivations for aggression eg defensive aggression/FFFS, predatory aggression/BAS. The current study is not examining aggression per se, but rather aggression specifically as a response to anger.

12. Study 1 - Aims To examine relationships between the BIS and BAS and trait levels of anger. Relations between the expression of anger in and out, as well as anger control in and out will be examined. To examine relationships between the BIS and BAS and trait levels of anger. Relations between the expression of anger in and out, as well as anger control in and out will be examined. To examine relations between the BIS and BAS and anger level and responses elicited by the scenarios contained within the Anger Response Inventory (ARI). To examine relations between the BIS and BAS and anger level and responses elicited by the scenarios contained within the Anger Response Inventory (ARI).

13. Study 1 - Method Participants: The participants comprised 100 individuals. Age ranged from 18 to 70 years, with a mean age of 34.46 (SD = 11.97). There were 36 male and 64 female participants. Participants: The participants comprised 100 individuals. Age ranged from 18 to 70 years, with a mean age of 34.46 (SD = 11.97). There were 36 male and 64 female participants. Participants were recruited from among workers at two pharmacies in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. Participants were recruited from among workers at two pharmacies in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia.

14. Study 1 - Method Measures: Measures: Carver and White (1994) BIS/BAS Scales: 20 items. BIS, Reward Responsiveness, Drive and Fun Seeking. Carver and White (1994) BIS/BAS Scales: 20 items. BIS, Reward Responsiveness, Drive and Fun Seeking. The Spielberger State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2) (Spielberger, 1999): 57 items. Trait Anger, Anger Expression-Out, Anger Expression-In, Anger Control-Out, Anger Control- In. The Spielberger State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2) (Spielberger, 1999): 57 items. Trait Anger, Anger Expression-Out, Anger Expression-In, Anger Control-Out, Anger Control- In.

15. Study 1 - Method The Anger Response Inventory (ARI) (Tangeny et al., 1991): comprises 23 scenarios designed to reflect commonly experienced situations that may induce anger. Participants are asked to imagine themselves in each scenario, and then rate their level of anger and how they would be likely to react in that situation. The Anger Response Inventory (ARI) (Tangeny et al., 1991): comprises 23 scenarios designed to reflect commonly experienced situations that may induce anger. Participants are asked to imagine themselves in each scenario, and then rate their level of anger and how they would be likely to react in that situation. Anger Arousal, Behavioural Intentions, Behavioural and Cognitive Responses and Perceived Consequences of Behaviour. Anger Arousal, Behavioural Intentions, Behavioural and Cognitive Responses and Perceived Consequences of Behaviour.

16. 1 - - - 2 - - - 3 - - - 4 - - - 5 15.You are walking along on a rainy day, and a car speeds past, splashing you with muddy water. a) How angry would you be in this situation? not at all angryextremely angry The next 3 questions are about how you would feel, not necessarily what you would do: d) How much would you feel like letting off steam? 1 - - - 2 - - - 3 - - - 4 - - - 5 b) How much would you feel like getting back at the driver? c) How much would you feel like fixing the situation? not at allvery much The next 7 questions are about what you would actually do: not likelyvery likely 1 - - - 2 - - - 3 - - - 4 - - - 5 e) I’d take down the license plate number and report the driver for reckless driving. 1 - - - 2 - - - 3 - - - 4 - - - 5 f) I’d figure it was just an accident. The driver didn’t see me. g)I’d go home, wash up, and change clothes. 1 - - - 2 - - - 3 - - - 4 - - - 5 h) I’d just shrug it off. Worse things happen. 1 - - - 2 - - - 3 - - - 4 - - - 5 i) I’d make a joke about it being “just one of those days”. j) I’d throw down my umbrella. 1 - - - 2 - - - 3 - - - 4 - - - 5 k)I’d be furious with myself for walking so close to the road. The next 2 questions are about the long-term consequences of how you would handle the situation. Looking back over what you would actually do, how do you think things would turn out in the long-run? 1 - - - 2 - - - 3 - - - 4 - - - 5 l)Would the long-term effect be harmful or beneficial for you, personally? harmfulbeneficial 1 - - - 2 - - - 3 - - - 4 - - - 5 m) Would the long-term effect be harmful or beneficial for the driver, personally?

17. Study 1 - Method ARI Subscales: Anger Arousal, Direct Aggression, Indirect Aggression, Displaced Aggression, Self Aggression, Anger In, Non Aggression, Cognitive Reappraisal ARI Subscales: Anger Arousal, Direct Aggression, Indirect Aggression, Displaced Aggression, Self Aggression, Anger In, Non Aggression, Cognitive Reappraisal Procedure: Participants completed the questionnaire package in the workplace without interruption during designated testing sessions. Procedure: Participants completed the questionnaire package in the workplace without interruption during designated testing sessions.

18. Study 1 - Results Relations between the BIS/BAS Scales and STAXI-2 –

19. Study 1 - Results Relations between the BIS/BAS Scales and the ARI – Independent samples t-tests were used to assess differences in ARI scale scores for males and females. The only significant difference was for the non- aggressive response scale, with females scoring higher than males (t = -3.95, p <.001). Independent samples t-tests were used to assess differences in ARI scale scores for males and females. The only significant difference was for the non- aggressive response scale, with females scoring higher than males (t = -3.95, p <.001). The mean response across all participants for the anger arousal scale was 3.65 on a scale of 5 (with 5 indicating extreme anger), indicating that the scenarios were relatively successful in inducing a significant degree of anger arousal. The mean response across all participants for the anger arousal scale was 3.65 on a scale of 5 (with 5 indicating extreme anger), indicating that the scenarios were relatively successful in inducing a significant degree of anger arousal.

20. Study 1 - Results

21. Measure Anger Arousal CW BIS CW RR CW Dr CW FS Standardised Beta Weights R2R2R2R2 ∆R 2 Direct Aggression.35**-.12-.04-.13.41**.28**.18** Indirect Aggression.36**-.10.05-.08.28**.21**.09** Displaced Aggression.30**.03-.15.13.19.17**.06 Self Aggression.40**.30**.11-.05-.03.35**.12** * p <.05, ** p <.01

22. Measure Anger Arousal CW BIS CW RR CW Dr CW FS Standardised Beta Weights R2R2R2R2 ∆R 2 Anger In.60**.19*-.02-.01.09.47**.04 Non Aggression.06.01.31**-.10.20.15**.14** Cognitive Reappraisal -.07.02.22.03.02.06.06 * p <.05, ** p <.01

23. Study 1 The BIS scale positively correlated with trait anger; only the BAS D scale correlated positively with trait anger. The BIS scale positively correlated with trait anger; only the BAS D scale correlated positively with trait anger. BIS positively correlated with Anger Exp In but did not correlate significantly with Anger Con; BAS D correlated significantly and negatively with both Anger Con-Out and Anger Con-In. BIS positively correlated with Anger Exp In but did not correlate significantly with Anger Con; BAS D correlated significantly and negatively with both Anger Con-Out and Anger Con-In. Both BIS and BAS D positively correlated with Anger Arousal. Both BIS and BAS D positively correlated with Anger Arousal. BAS FS significantly and positively predicted both Direct and Indirect Aggression, the BIS scale significantly and positively predicted Anger In and Self Aggression and BAS RR significantly and positively predicted Non Aggression. BAS FS significantly and positively predicted both Direct and Indirect Aggression, the BIS scale significantly and positively predicted Anger In and Self Aggression and BAS RR significantly and positively predicted Non Aggression.

24. Study 1 BAS D seems to relate to tendency to feel anger, while BAS FS relates to outward forms of response to this anger. BAS D seems to relate to tendency to feel anger, while BAS FS relates to outward forms of response to this anger. This suggests that the tendency to feel angry results from frustration in achieving a goal, but that the type of response elicited is largely mediated by BIS and BAS FS. This suggests that the tendency to feel angry results from frustration in achieving a goal, but that the type of response elicited is largely mediated by BIS and BAS FS. Smits and Kuppens (2005): aggression/BIS-, Smits and Kuppens (2005): aggression/BIS-, current study: aggression/BAS+. May be due to measurement differences in the studies. current study: aggression/BAS+. May be due to measurement differences in the studies.

25. Study 1 Different anger scenarios may relate to different personality linked processes eg BAS D might relate to anger induced via a sense of frustration that a rewarding stimuli is not as large as expected (Corr, 2002). Different anger scenarios may relate to different personality linked processes eg BAS D might relate to anger induced via a sense of frustration that a rewarding stimuli is not as large as expected (Corr, 2002).

26. Study 2 As part of a study examining how interactions between personality traits and mood states influence emotion information processing, four separate mood states were induced: happiness, sadness, fear and anger. As part of a study examining how interactions between personality traits and mood states influence emotion information processing, four separate mood states were induced: happiness, sadness, fear and anger. The aim is to examine how the induction of an angry mood in a laboratory setting relates to BIS/BAS measures and EPQ measures. The aim is to examine how the induction of an angry mood in a laboratory setting relates to BIS/BAS measures and EPQ measures.

27. Study 2 - Method Participants: The participants comprised 108 individuals, with a mean age of 25.47 (SD = 9.07). There were 38 male and 70 female participants. Participants: The participants comprised 108 individuals, with a mean age of 25.47 (SD = 9.07). There were 38 male and 70 female participants. Participants were recruited from among undergraduate university students at the University of Ballarat, Australia. Participants were recruited from among undergraduate university students at the University of Ballarat, Australia.

28. Study 2 - Method Measures: Measures: Carver and White (1994) BIS/BAS Scales Carver and White (1994) BIS/BAS Scales The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire – Revised/Short Form (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1991) The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire – Revised/Short Form (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1991) Mood Adjective Scale (Mayer et al., 1995): angry scale included words such as angry, mad, furious etc. Mood Adjective Scale (Mayer et al., 1995): angry scale included words such as angry, mad, furious etc.

29. Study 2 - Method Mood Induction Procedure (Mayer et al., 1995): Mood Induction Procedure (Mayer et al., 1995): Use of combined background music and guided imagery vignettes. Use of combined background music and guided imagery vignettes. Mood specific background music was played for one minute. After this, with the music continuing, participants silently read and focused on a mood related vignette. After 30 seconds, a light indicated participants should move to the next vignette. Mood specific background music was played for one minute. After this, with the music continuing, participants silently read and focused on a mood related vignette. After 30 seconds, a light indicated participants should move to the next vignette.

31. Study 2 - Results Mood Induction Mood Induction A 2 (pre and post mood angry mood) x 4 (mood induction group) ANOVA showed a significant interaction. A 2 (pre and post mood angry mood) x 4 (mood induction group) ANOVA showed a significant interaction. Angry mood induction group significantly higher in angry mood than the other three mood induction groups at time 2. Angry mood induction group significantly higher in angry mood than the other three mood induction groups at time 2.

33. Study 2 - Results Personality and Angry Mood Personality and Angry Mood Controlling for angry mood at time 1, only BAS FS significantly predicted angry mood at time 2. Controlling for angry mood at time 1, only BAS FS significantly predicted angry mood at time 2. None of the EPQ-R measures significantly predicted angry mood at time 2. None of the EPQ-R measures significantly predicted angry mood at time 2.

35. Conclusions Additional support linking BAS sensitivity with anger. Additional support linking BAS sensitivity with anger. Responses to anger appear to relate to both the BIS and BAS: anger responses focused inwards relate primarily to the BIS, anger responses directed outwardly relate primarily to different facets of the BAS, primarily FS. Responses to anger appear to relate to both the BIS and BAS: anger responses focused inwards relate primarily to the BIS, anger responses directed outwardly relate primarily to different facets of the BAS, primarily FS. Individual differences in BAS FS relate most strongly to induced angry mood. Individual differences in BAS FS relate most strongly to induced angry mood.