1. Communications Services Connection Oriented Service  A connection is established  Data is sent or received over this connection  Connection may be terminated when session is complete or may be permanent  This paradigm is similar to telephone service Connectionless-Oriented Service  There is no single connection established  Data is organized in individual units called datagrams or packets  Each datagram is individually addressed and individually processed  This paradigm is similar to US Postal Service

2. The Internet The Internet protocols provide applications with both a connection and connectionless services The network layer, the data delivery service, provides only a connectionless service The basic unit of data processed by the network layer is the IP Datagram Each datagram is individually addressed and individually processed There is no guarantee that the datagrams that comprise a ‘session’ will follow the same path or that they will arrive in order

3. Position of IP in TCP/IP protocol suite

4. IP Datagram IP datagram is variable length (up to 64K bytes) Data length can be as little as 1 byte Source and IP addresses in the datagram used route the datagram to its destination HeaderData Destination IP Address Source IP Address

5. Configuration for routing example /8 /27 /24

6. Routing Table for R1 MaskDest.Next Hop I. 255.0.0.0 111.0.0.0 -- m0 255.255.255.224 193.14.5.160 - m2 255.255.255.224 193.14.5.192 - m1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 255.255.255.255 194.17.21.16 111.20.18.14 m0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 255.255.255.0192.16.7.0111.15.17.32m0 255.255.255.0194.17.21.0111.20.18.14m0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.0.0.00.0.0.0111.30.31.18m0

7. Router R1 receives a datagram for destination 192.16.7.14; the algorithm applies the masks row by row to the destination address until a match (with the value in the second column) is found: Example 1

8. Direct delivery 192.16.7.14 & 255.0.0.0  192.0.0.0 no match 192.16.7.14 & 255.255.255.224  192.16.7.0 no match 192.16.7.14 & 255.255.255.224  192.16.7. no match Host-specific 192.16.7.14 & 255.255.255.255  192.16.7.14 no match Network-specific 192.16.7.14 & 255.255.255.0  192.16.7.0 match

9. Router R1 receives a datagram for destination 193.14.5.176; the algorithm applies the masks row by row to the destination address until a match is found: Example 2 Direct delivery 193.14.5.176 & 255.0.0.0  193.0.0.0 no match 193.14.5.176 & 255.255.255.224  193.14.5.160 match

10. Router R1 receives a datagram for destination 200.34.12.34; the algorithm applies the masks row by row to the destination address until a match is found: Example 3

11. Direct delivery 200.34.12.34 & 255.0.0.0  200.0.0.0 no match 200.34.12.34 & 255.255.255.224  200.34.12.32 no match Host-specific 200.34.12.34 & 255.255.255.255  200.34.12.34 no match Network-specific 200.34.12.34 & 255.255.255.0  200.34.12.0 no match Default 200.34.12.34 & 0.0.0.0  0.0.0.0. match

12. IP Datagram Service Best-Effort delivery  Datagrams could be lost  Datagram delivery may be delayed  Datagrams may arrive out of order  Datagrams could arrive corrupted  Datagrams might even be duplicated Upper layers must cope with these conditions

13. IP datagram

14. IP Datagram VERS Version number, now version 4 Version 6 slowly being deployed HLENLength of IP header in 32 –bit words Service TypeIntended as a service category Minimize delay Minimize cost Maximize throughput Maximize reliability Total LengthTotal length of datagram Header + data

15. IP Datagram IdentificationUsed to break up large datagrams Flags Fragment OffsetDiscussed later Time to LiveCount, decremented at each hop When zero, datagram discarded

16. IP Datagram Protocol Specifies which upper layer protocol created datagram TCP(6), UDP(17), ICMP(1) Header ChecksumChecksum applied to header only 1-s complement sum of 16 bit words of header Source IP address Destination IP address

17. Network Byte Order Different processors store binary values differently Some store integers with most significant bits in low memory address positions Big Endian Others may store in reverse order Little Endian Standard for IP is Big Endian Systems provide convenient conversion routines

18. Encapsulation An IP datagram inserted inside a frame at layer 2, such as Ethernet HeaderData Ethernet Destination Address Type = 0800 Ethernet Source Address CRC

19. Demultiplexing A frame arrives at a host, say Ethernet Destination hardware address is compared Type field is checked 0806 ARP frame 0835RARP frame 0800IP datagram If IP datagram, protocol field is checked 1ICMP 6TCP 17UDP

20. Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) Most data link layers enforce a maximum frame size Maximum payload for Ethernet frames is 1500 bytes Other data link layers may impose even shorter frame lengths A datagram may travel over a path that includes different data link layers The smallest MTU in the path is called the path MTU

21. Fragmentation IP datagrams can be as much as 65,536 bytes This cannot fit into most data link layer frames, including Ethernet The IP datagram must be broken down into appropriate size fragments The fragments will need to be reassembled at a later point Three fields in the IP datagram header control fragmentation

22. IP Header Identification - a counter incremented by 1 for each datagram Flags D = do not fragment M = More fragments Fragmentation Offset - relative position of fragment in original datagram (divided by 8) DM

23. Fragmentation example

24. Detailed example

25. Fragmentation The header of the original datagram is copied into each fragment with affected fields modified After fragmentation each fragment is treated as a separate datagram Reassembly of original datagram is done at final destination There is no guarantee that every fragment will reach its destination At destination, a reassembly timer is set Either all fragments arrive in that time or all other fragments discarded