1. Scheduling Generic Parallel Applications –Meta- scheduling Sathish Vadhiyar Sources/Credits/Taken from: Papers listed in “References” slide

2. Scheduling Architectures Centralized schedulers Centralized schedulers Single-site scheduling – a job does not span across sites Multi-site – the opposite Hierarchical structures - A central scheduler (metascheduler) for global scheduling and local scheduling on individual sites Hierarchical structures - A central scheduler (metascheduler) for global scheduling and local scheduling on individual sites Decentralized scheduling – distributed schedulers interact, exchange information and submit jobs to remote systems Decentralized scheduling – distributed schedulers interact, exchange information and submit jobs to remote systems Direct communication – local scheduler directly contacts remote schedulers and transfers some of its jobs Communication via central job pool – jobs that cannot be immediately executed are pushed to a central pool, other local schedulers pull the jobs out of the pool

3. Various Scheduling Architectures

5. Metascheduler across MPPs Types Centralized Centralized A meta scheduler and local dispatchers Jobs submitted to meta scheduler Hierarchical Hierarchical Combination of central and local schedulers Jobs submitted to meta scheduler Meta scheduler sends job to the site for which earliest start time is expected Local schedulers can follow their own policies Distributed Distributed Each site has a metascheduler and a local scheduler Jobs submitted to local metascheduler Jobs can be transffered to sites with lowest load

6. Evaluation of schemes Centralized Hierarchical Distributed 1.Global knowledge of all resources – hence optimized schedules 2.Can act as a bottleneck for large number of resources and jobs 3.May take time to transfer jobs from meta scheduler to local schedulers – need strategic position of meta scheduler 1.Medium level overhead 2.Sub optimal schedules 3.Still need strategic position of central scheduler 1.No bottleneck – workload evenly distributed 2.Needs all-to-all connections between MPPs

7. Evaluation of Various Scheduling Architectures Experiments to evaluate slowdowns in the 3 schemes Based on actual trace from a supercomputer centre – 5000 job set 4 sites were simulated – 2 with the same load as trace, other 2 where run time was multiplied by 1.7 FCFS with EASY backfilling was used slowdown = (wait_time + run_time) / run_time 2 more schemes Independent – when local schedulers acted independently, i.e. sites are not connected Independent – when local schedulers acted independently, i.e. sites are not connected United – resources of all processors are combined to form a single site United – resources of all processors are combined to form a single site

8. Results

9. Observations 1. Centralized and hierarchical performed slightly better than united a. Compared to hierarchical, scheduling decisions have to be made for all jobs and all resources in united – overhead and hence wait time is high b. Comparing united and centralized. i.4 categories of jobs corresponding to 4 different combinations of 2 parameters – execution time (short, long) and number of resources requested (narrow, wide) ii.Usually larger number of long narrow jobs than short wide jobs iii.Why is centralized and hierarchical better than united? 2. Distributed performed poorly a.Short narrow jobs incurred more slowdown b.short narrow jobs are large in number and best candidates for back filling c.Back filling dynamics are complex d.A site with an average light may not always be the best choice. SN jobs may find earliest holes in a heavily loaded site.

10. Newly Proposed Models K-distributed model Distributed scheme where local metascheduler distributes jobs to k least loaded sites Distributed scheme where local metascheduler distributes jobs to k least loaded sites When job starts on a site, notification is sent to the local metascheduler which in turn asks the k-1 schedulers to dequeue When job starts on a site, notification is sent to the local metascheduler which in turn asks the k-1 schedulers to dequeue K-Dual queue model 2 queues are maintained at each site – one for local jobs and other for remote jobs 2 queues are maintained at each site – one for local jobs and other for remote jobs Remote jobs are executed only when they don’t affect the start times of the local jobs Remote jobs are executed only when they don’t affect the start times of the local jobs Local jobs are given priority during backfilling Local jobs are given priority during backfilling

11. Results – Benefits of new schemes 45% improvement15% improvement

12. Results – Usefulness of K-Dual scheme Grouping jobs submitted at lightly loaded sites and heavily loaded sites

13. Assessment and Enhancement of Meta-Schedulers…(Sabin et. al.) Metascheduling working examples (LSF and Moab) 2 different modes: Standard or centralized (all scheduling decisions are made in a centralized manner) Standard or centralized (all scheduling decisions are made in a centralized manner) Forces local sites to accept advance reservations from the metascheduler Delegated Delegated Does not provide a known scheduling policy for grid jobs

14. Centralized Metascheduler queries local schedulers to obtain information regarding current schedule Metascheduler makes advance reservation on the “best” of local schedulers Reservations honored by local sites possibly delaying local jobs Metascheduler tries to find better reservations for all jobs at periodic intervals If a better reservation is found, metascheduler cancels existing reservation and moves job to another local scheduler This model requires close interactions between local and metaschedulers

15. Delegated Metascheduler determines “best” site for each grid job Delegates scheduling responsibilities to local schedulers After the job is sent to the local site, there is no interaction between meta and local scheduler Meta scheduler “queries” the local scheduler for the metric that serves as basis for site choice This model is more scalable and allows local schedulers to retain autonomy

16. Evaluation System wide average response time Centralized outperforms delegated since centralized revisits its scheduling decisions

17. Evaluation Average response time of jobs from the least loaded site Metascheduling has a detrimental effect on users at the least loaded site At low loads, centralized is best – jobs submitted at a least loaded site may run faster at another site This is a case of least loaded sites getting discouraged from joining the grid!

18. To avoid deterioration at least loaded sites: Dues Based Queues Goal is to improve priority of jobs originating from lightly loaded sites For each site-pair, relative resource usage surplus/deficit is maintained Each site maintains processor seconds that it has provided to other site’s jobs; also processor seconds that its jobs consumed in other sites si sets priority for all of sj’s jobs to be dues[sj] For lightly loaded sites, it is usually surplus. Hence other sites will have to pay “dues” to lightly loaded sites by increasing priorities of jobs submitted at lightly loaded sites

19. Dues Based Queues s1 runs a 100 processor second job for s2 dues[s2] = -100; dues[s1]=100 dues[s2] = -100; dues[s1]=100 S2 runs a 300 processor-second job for s1; s2 will be paying the “dues” to s1 dues[s2] = 200; dues[s1] = -200 dues[s2] = 200; dues[s1] = -200 Queue order at each site is determined by dues values of the submitting site Can be implemented in centralized Dues-based queuing scheme at the meta scheduler Dues-based queuing scheme at the meta scheduler Or delegated Dues based queues at the local scheduler Dues based queues at the local scheduler

20. Evaluation System wide average response time Dues-based scheme performs worse than the corresponding schemes

21. Evaluation Average response time of jobs from least loaded site Centralized dues perform the best

22. Another method: Local Priority with Job Sharing Dual queue Dual queue at local schedulers Dual queue at local schedulers Local jobs will have higher priority than remote jobs Local jobs will have higher priority than remote jobs Dual queue with local copy In dual queue model, remote jobs may suffer starvation In dual queue model, remote jobs may suffer starvation Jobs from a lightly loaded site sent to a remote site may suffer Jobs from a lightly loaded site sent to a remote site may suffer In this scheme, all jobs have a copy sent to the originating site’s scheduler in addition to one remote site In this scheme, all jobs have a copy sent to the originating site’s scheduler in addition to one remote site

23. Evaluation System wide average response time Dual queue with local copy performs the best

24. Evaluation Average response times of jobs from the least loaded site Dual queue with local copy performs as good as nosharing scheme

25. Summary

26. References A taxonomy of scheduling in general-purpose distributed computing systems. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. Volume 14, Issue 2 (February 1988) Pages: 141 - 154 Year of Publication: 1988 Authors T. L. Casavant J. G. Kuhl Evaluation of Job-Scheduling Strategies for Grid ComputingSourceLecture Notes In Computer Science. Proceedings of the First IEEE/ACM International Workshop on Grid Computing. Pages: 191 - 202 Year of Publication: 2000 ISBN:3-540-41403-7. Volker Hamscher Uwe Schwiegelshohn Achim Streit Ramin Yahyapour "Distributed Job Scheduling on Computational Grids using Multiple Simultaneous Requests" Vijay Subramani, Rajkumar Kettimuthu, Srividya Srinivasan, P. Sadayappan, Proceedings of 11th IEEE Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing (HPDC 2002), July 2002

27. References Assessment and Enhancement of Meta- Schedulers for Multi-Site Job Scheduling. Sabin et. al. HPDC 2005

28. References Vadhiyar, S., Dongarra, J. and Yarkhan, A. “GrADSolve - RPC for High Performance Computing on the Grid". Euro-Par 2003, 9th International Euro-Par Conference, Proceedings, Springer, LCNS 2790, p. 394-403, August 26 -29, 2003. Vadhiyar, S. and Dongarra, J. “Metascheduler for the Grid”. Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing, pp 343-351, July 2002, Edinburgh, Scotland. Vadhiyar, S. and Dongarra, J. “GrADSolve - A Grid-based RPC system for Parallel Computing with Application-level Scheduling". Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, Volume 64, pp. 774-783, 2004. Petitet, A., Blackford, S., Dongarra, J., Ellis, B., Fagg, G., Roche, K., Vadhiyar, S. "Numerical Libraries and The Grid: The Grads Experiments with ScaLAPACK, " Journal of High Performance Applications and Supercomputing, Vol. 15, number 4 (Winter 2001): 359-374.

29. Coallocation in Multicluster Systems Processor coallocation – allowing jobs to use processors in multiple clusters simultaneously Jobs consist of one or more components each of which has to be scheduled on a different cluster Multi-component jobs scheduled across different clusters equal to the number of components

30. Queuing Structures Single central scheduler with one global queue for the entire set of clusters: all clusters submit single and multi-component jobs to the global queue Local schedulers with only local queues at the clusters: each cluster submits single and multi- component jobs to its local queue A global queue for the system and local queues for the clusters: a cluster submits single component jobs to its local queue and multi- component jobs to the global queue

31. Scheduling Scheduling multi-component jobs: WorstFit Order the job components in decreasing size Order the job components in decreasing size Order the clusters according to decreasing number of idle processors Order the clusters according to decreasing number of idle processors Traverse one-by-one through both lists trying to fit job components on clusters Traverse one-by-one through both lists trying to fit job components on clusters Leaves in each cluster as much room as possible for subsequent jobs Leaves in each cluster as much room as possible for subsequent jobs

32. Scheduling Invoked during job departure A queue is enabled when the corresponding scheduler is allowed to start jobs from the queue. When a queue is enabled, the job at the head of the queue is scheduled if it fits When a job departs, all or some of the non- empty queues are enabled Enabled queues are repeatedly visited in some order What non-empty queues are enabled and what order are they visited is defined by a scheduling policy

33. Scheduling Policies GS – global scheduler policy with single queue LS – each cluster has only local queues. At a job departure, in which order should the non-empty queues be disabled? Local schedulers that have not scheduled jobs for the longest time gets the first chance Local schedulers that have not scheduled jobs for the longest time gets the first chance For systems with both global queue and local queues: GP – global priority. Local queues are enabled only when the global queue is empty GP – global priority. Local queues are enabled only when the global queue is empty LP – local priority. Global queue is only enabled when at least one local queue is empty. In which order should the local queues and the global queue be enabled? LP – local priority. Global queue is only enabled when at least one local queue is empty. In which order should the local queues and the global queue be enabled? Global queue is first enabled and then the local queues

34. Coallocation Rules [no] only single component jobs are admitted. No coallocation [co] both single and multi-component jobs. No restriction [rco] restriction on size of job components. [fco] restriction on size and number of job components

35. Testbed Testbed DAS system in Netherlands – 5 clusters, 1 72-nodes, other 32-nodes Intra cluster communication – Myrinet LAN (1200 Mbit/s) Inter cluster communication – 100 Mbit/s WAN

36. Evaluation 2 applications Ensflow – simulating streams and eddies in the ocean Ensflow – simulating streams and eddies in the ocean Poisson – solution of 2-D Poisson equation Poisson – solution of 2-D Poisson equation Execution times measured on DAS

37. Results

38. Conclusions [co] gives the worst performance. Due to simultaneous presence of large single- component jobs and jobs with many components [rco] and [fco] improve performance LS and LP provide best results for coallocation cases; Performance of GS is better when there are only single-component jobs

39. Conclusions Processor co-allocation is beneficial atleast when the overhead due to wide- area communication is not high Restrictions to the job component sizes and to the number of job components improve the performance of coallocation

40. Reference Scheduling Policies for Processor Coallocation in MultiCluster Systems. Bucur and Epema. TPDS. July 2007.

41. Grid Routine / Application Manager User Grid Application Development Software (GrADS) Architecture Resource Selector Performance Modeler MDS NWS Matrix size, block size Resource characteristics, Problem characteristics Final schedule – subset of resources

42. Performance Modeler Grid Routine / Application Manager Performance Modeler All resources, Problem parameters Final schedule – subset of resources Scheduling Heuristic Simulation Model All resources, problem parameters Final Schedule Candidate resources Execution cost The scheduling heuristic passed only those candidate schedules that had “sufficient” memory This is determined by calling a function in simulation model

43. Simulation Model Simulation of the ScaLAPACK right looking LU factorization More about the application Iterative – each iteration corresponding to a block Iterative – each iteration corresponding to a block Parallel application in which columns are block-cyclic distributed Parallel application in which columns are block-cyclic distributed Right looking LU – based on Gaussian elimination Right looking LU – based on Gaussian elimination

44. Operations The LU application in each iteration involves: Block factorization – (ib:n, ib:ib) floating point operations Block factorization – (ib:n, ib:ib) floating point operations Broadcast for multiply – message size equals approximately n*block_size Broadcast for multiply – message size equals approximately n*block_size Each process does its own multiply: Each process does its own multiply: Remaining columns divided by number of processors

45. Back to the simulation model double getExecTimeCost(int matrix_size, int block_size, candidate_schedule){ for(i=0; i<number_of_blocks; i++){ for(i=0; i<number_of_blocks; i++){ /* find the proc. Belonging to the column. Note its speed, its connections to other procs. */ /* find the proc. Belonging to the column. Note its speed, its connections to other procs. */ tfact += … /* simulate block factorization. Depends on {processor_speed, machine_load, flop_count of factorization */ tfact += … /* simulate block factorization. Depends on {processor_speed, machine_load, flop_count of factorization */ tbcast += max(bcast times for each proc.) /* scalapack follows split ring broadcast. Simulate broadcast algorithm for each proc. Depends on {elements of matrix to be broadcast, connection bandwidth and latency */ tbcast += max(bcast times for each proc.) /* scalapack follows split ring broadcast. Simulate broadcast algorithm for each proc. Depends on {elements of matrix to be broadcast, connection bandwidth and latency */ tupdate += max(matrix multiplies across all proc.) /* depends on {flop count of matrix multiply, processor speed, load} */ tupdate += max(matrix multiplies across all proc.) /* depends on {flop count of matrix multiply, processor speed, load} */ } return (tfact + tbcast + tupdate); return (tfact + tbcast + tupdate);}

46. Grid Routine / Application Manager User Initial GrADS Architecture Resource Selector Performance Modeler App Launcher Contract Monitor Application MDS NWS Matrix size, block size Resource characteristics, Problem characteristics Problem, parameters, app. Location, final schedule

47. Performance Model Evaluation

48. GrADS Benefits MSC Cluster MSC & TORC Cluster 5 8 8 8 7 7 8 mscs, 7 torcs 8 mscs, 8 torcs Even though performance worsened when using multiple clusters, larger problem sizes can be solved without incurring costly disk accesses