1. Figure 23.1 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

2. 0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 40 000 Biomass (g m -2 ) Figure 23.2 Years 02004006008001000 0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 40 000 Biomass (g m -2 ) Years 02004006008001000 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

3. Beech seed origin Beech sprout origin Yellow Birch Sugar Maple Canopy Gap Old-Growth Forest Large-Scale Disturbance Successional Communities Succession Figure 23.3 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

4. MatureDyingRegeneratingMatureDyingYoung Wind Figure 23.4 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

5. 2 km 1875 1864 1801 1864 1801 1875 1801 1854 1864 1801 1875 1801 1875 1801 1875 1894 1815 1910 1815 1864 1910 1801 1864 1910 1801 1864 1910 1727 1801 1692 1801 1854 Figure 23.5 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

6. 1900s1910s1920s1930s1940s1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s Boreal forest 1900s1910s1920s1930s1940s1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s Temperate grassland 1900s1910s1920s1930s1940s1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s Tropical forest 1900s1910s1920s1930s1940s1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s Savanna/grassland 1900s1910s1920s1930s1940s1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s Temperate forest Boreal forest Temperate forest Temperate grassland Tropical forest Savanna/ grassland 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Area Burned (  10 3 km 2 yr -1 ) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Area Burned (  10 3 km 2 yr -1 ) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Area Burned (  10 3 km 2 yr -1 ) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Area Burned (  10 3 km 2 yr -1 ) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Area Burned (  10 3 km 2 yr -1 ) 0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 Area (  10 3 km 2 ) Figure 23.6 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

7. Figure 23.7 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

8. 0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 18001850190019502000 Forested Area (hectares) Figure 23.8 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

9. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 12001300140015001600170018001900 Area (hectares) Forest Arable Land Grassland cleared for agriculture Figure 23.9 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

10. Figure 23.10 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

11. Figure 23.11 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

12. 19201940196019802000 0 100 200 300 Area (million acres) Mountain States 18401880192019602000 80 60 40 20 0 Area (million acres) Lake States 18401880192019602000 40 30 20 10 0 Area (million acres) New England Forest Farm Urban Forest Farm Urban Forest Farm Urban Figure 23.12 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

13. 0 25 50 75 100 Forest Area (%) 1720176018001840188019201960 1720176018001840188019201960 0 25 50 75 100 Forest Area (%) 100 19 28 51 Prospect Hill Massachusetts Petersham Figure 23.13 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

14. Pine forest Boreal forest Mesic forest Aspen- birch forest Oak forest Wet forest Non-forest 50 000 100 000 150 000 200 000 250 000 0 Area (hectares) Mid-1800sPresent-day Figure 23.14 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

15. 1988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003 2004 0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 Area (km 2 ) Figure 23.15 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

16. Figure 23.16 Forest site Prevailing wind Pasture site Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan