1. Rhizobium Activity Manhasset Science Research

2. Need Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus- transmitted by aphids- eat nitrogen fixation nodules: malformation of leaves (Brunt, 1996) -bean crops had an average within crop incidence of BYMV of 26% of plants, ranging from 1-63% (Van Leur, 2002) -transmitted by vector (insect); not transmitted by mechanical inoculation, by seed, or by pollen (Brunt 1996)

3. Knowledge Base (Deacon, 2009) Nodules are formed on bean stems and leaves, allowing nitrogen fixation to occur, stimulating plant growth (Burdass, 2002) Aphids are classified as sap- sucking, soft-bodied insects (Homoptera), transmitting diseases including BYMV (Day, 1996) (Clark, 1998)

4. Knowledge Base Rhizobium is the centrally most important and well-known species of a bacterial group acting as the chief symbiotic nitrogen fixer (Burdass, 2002) Poole, 2006 González, 2006 Preliminary interaction between the host plant and free-living rhizobia is the release of a variety of different chemicals by the root cells from the plant into the surrounding soil, causing nodule formation (Burdass, 2002)

5. Literature Review González, 2006- has done research on the role of exopolysaccharides in legumes and nodulation by rhizobia and the molecular genetics of plant-microbe interactions -work suggests that the mode of regulation and quorum sensing, intercedes nitrogen-fixation processes Webster, 2008- work done involves an enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA), using general Potyvirus antiserum and amplification by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with degenerate primers indicated that it was a species of Potyvirus -attempt through biological process to find reasoning for BYMV in Western Australia and Eastern Asia

6. Citations Brunt, A.A. “Mung Bean Yellow Mosaic Bigeminivirus.” Plant Viruses Online. 1996. Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. 20 Aug 1996 http://image.fs.uidaho.edu/vide/descr503.htm http://image.fs.uidaho.edu/vide/descr503.htm Van Leur, J. “Temperate Pulse Viruses: Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (BYMV).” DEPARTMENTOF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES. 2002. Symptoms/Economic Importance. 2-7 Feb 2002 http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/nreninf.nsf/childdocs/- 22C871BE2A0105794A2568B30004D413-3C5B474B480825C8CA256BC700824574- 78F1BBD6496F89034A256DEA00274EEC-494B7E2886B7BE85CA257275000811C1?open http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/nreninf.nsf/childdocs/- 22C871BE2A0105794A2568B30004D413-3C5B474B480825C8CA256BC700824574- 78F1BBD6496F89034A256DEA00274EEC-494B7E2886B7BE85CA257275000811C1?open Burdass, Dariel. “Rhizobium, Root Nodules & Nitrogen Fixation.” Society for general Microbiology. 2002. Microbiology Online. 2002 http://www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/forms/rhizobium.pdf http://www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/forms/rhizobium.pdf Day, Eric. “Aphid.” Virginia Cooperative Extension. 1996. Virginia State University. Aug 1996 http://www.ext.vt.edu/departments/entomology/factsheets/gaphids.html> http://www.ext.vt.edu/departments/entomology/factsheets/gaphids.html González, Juan E. “Faculty and Research.” Department of Molecular & Cell Biology. 2006. Research Interests. 6 Feb 2006 http://www.utdallas.edu/biology/faculty/research/gonzalez.html http://www.utdallas.edu/biology/faculty/research/gonzalez.html Webster, Craig Graham. “Characterisation of Hardenbergia Mosaic Virus and Development of Microarrays for Detecting Viruses in Plants.” Murdoch Research Repository. 2008. Murdoch University. 2008 http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/wmdu:443 http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/wmdu:443