1. Chapter One Definitions, Characteristics and Current Directions

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 - 2 The Changing Scene In Special Education Recent Changes in State Certification for Special Education Teachers Non-categorical and Cross-categorical Certification Mild Disabilities

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 - 3 What are Mild Disabilities? Composition of Mild Disabilities –Learning Disabilities –Mental Retardation –Emotional/Behavioral Disorders –Other Disabilities

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 - 4 Characteristics of Students with Mild Disabilities Disorders of attention Poor motor abilities Psychological processing differences Poor cognitive strategies of learning Oral language difficulties

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 - 5 Characteristics of Students with Mild Disabilities (CONT.) Reading difficulties Writing difficulties Mathematics difficulties Poor social skills

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 - 6 Example of Visual Perception Source: Illustrations by W.E. Hill in Puck, 1915.

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 - 7 Type of disabilityPercentage of total school enrollment Percentage of all disabilities High-Incidence Categories Learning disabilities 5.46 48.2 Language impairment2.22 19.6 Mental retardation 1.049.2 Emotional disturbance0 92 8.1 Other health impairment0.766.6 Low-Incidence Categories Autism0.232.0 Hearing impairment 0.13 1.2 Orthopedic impairment 0.14 1.2 Visual impairment0.050.4 Traumatic brain injury0.04 0,4 Developmental delay 0.12 1.0 Multiple Disabilities 0.23 2.0 Deaf-Blindness 0.00 0.0 All disabilities 11.33100.0. Percent of Students with Disabilities

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 - 8 Composition of Students with Disabilities

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 - 9 Characteristics at Different Age Levels Preschool children Elementary-age children Secondary students Adults

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 - 10 Learning Disabilities A neurobiological disorder in one of the basic processes in understanding spoken or written language. The term was first introduced in 1963 by Sam Kirk. The Learning Disabilities Association of America. www.ldaamerica.com

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 - 11 Definitions of Learning Disabilities Federal Definition: IDEA –Psychological Processing Disorder –Difficulty in Learning Interagency Committee on Learning Disabilities (ICLD) Definition –Social Skills Disorders National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities (NJCLD) Definition –Intrinsic to the Individual

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 - 12 Common Elements in the Definitions Central Nervous System Dysfunction Uneven Growth Pattern/Psychological processing Deficits Discrepancy Between Potential and Achievement Exclusion of Other Causes

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 - 13

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 - 14 Mental Retardation Definition of Mental Retardation –Limitations in cognitive ability –Limitations in adaptive behavior Other terms –Cognitive disabilities –Intellectual Disabilities American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) Mild mental retardation 87% General education classes 41%

15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 - 15 Emotional and Behavioral Disorders Definition of Emotional Disturbance –Inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors –Inability to build interpersonal relationships –Inappropriate types of behavior –Mood of unhappiness or depression –Physical symptoms or fears Emotional disorders Behavioral disorders General education class 29%

16. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 - 16 Other Disabilities Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Asperger’s Syndrome

17. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 - 17 Impact of the Law No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act: IDEA-2004 Section 504: The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 The role of Case Law

18. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 - 18 Special Education Laws 1975Education for All Handicapped Children Act PL 94-142 1990Individuals with Disabilities Education Act PL 101-476 1997Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1997 PL 105-17 2004Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act PL 108-446

19. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 - 19 History of Learning Disabilities 1.Foundation phase: 1800 –1930 Brain Research 2.Transition phase: 1930-1960 Clinical Study of Children 3.Integration phase: 1960-1980 School Programs

20. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 - 20 Timeline: Phase in the Field of Learning Disabilities

21. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 - 21 Changes in Terminology Brain-injured child 1947 Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD) Learning Disabilities 1947. Alfred Strauss 1966. Peter Clements Dept of HEW 1963. Samuel Kirk

22. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.1 - 22 Current Issues and Directions Inclusion practices Including students in general education Standards-wide standards High stakes testing Cultural and linguistic diversity English Language Learners (ELL) Assistive and Instructional Technology