1. Protein Synthesis Transcription and Translation DNA Transcription RNA Translation Protein

2. RNA Structure: nucleic acid made up of repeating nucleotides similar to DNA Consists of ribose sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group

3. TYPES OF RNA –Messenger RNA (mRNA): single uncoiled chain; mRNA carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytosol –Transfer RNA (tRNA): about 80 RNA nucleotides folded into a hairpin shape; binds to specific amino acids –Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): RNA nucleotides in a globular form; rRNA makes up the ribosomes where proteins are made

4. TRANSCRIPTION Process in which genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA (mRNA) mRNA carries the genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytosol to be made into proteins

5. TRANSCRIPTION Template: separated DNA chain used for transcription – uses only one strand of the DNA Promoters: specific regions of DNA that mark the beginning of transcription in the chain, RNA polymerase binds to these promoters RNA polymerase creates RNA copies of specific sequences of DNA RNA polymerase adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the newly forming RNA molecule (uses complementary base pairing…remember, it’s different for RNA!)

6. TRANSCRIPTION Transcription continues until the termination signal: a specific sequence of nucleotides that signifies the end of a gene Once it reaches the termination signal, the mRNA leaves the nucleus and moves into the cytosol to direct protein synthesis

7. Animation… http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAtranscription. htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAtranscription. html

8. Let’s Try Transcription! DNA Template: G C T A C G G C A T A G C C A C T mRNA made: C G A U G C C G U A U C G G U G A

9. TRANSLATION Process of assembling proteins from information encoded in mRNA by codons Codon: a combination of three mRNA nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid –Some codons code for translation to start and stop Start codon (AUG) codes for methionine Stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA) causes translation to stop

10. TRANSLATION When mRNA leaves the nucleus, it migrates to a ribosome in the cytosol (this is the site of protein synthesis) tRNA transports amino acids to the ribosomes tRNA has a region that bonds to a specific amino acid and on the opposite end, it has an anticodon Anticodon: three nucleotides that is complementary to and pairs with its mRNA codon Ribosomes are composed of rRNA and proteins

12. Genetic Code

13. Let’s Try Translation! RNA: A U G G G U A G C C C C U G A Amino Acids: Methionine, glycine, serine, proline, STOP

14. Protein Assembly http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/ dna/transcribe/ http://www.wisc- online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID= AP1302