1. Bellringer: Answer the following for review for the Unit Test 1. A government which is run by divine authority—(i.e. meaning that the state is run by religious rulers), is called a what? 2. From your first section over Mesopotamia, what was the first empire in World History? 3. The first written language studied in world history was a “wedge shaped writing” called what? Who first developed it? Bellringer: Answer the following for review for the Unit Test 1. A government which is run by divine authority—(i.e. meaning that the state is run by religious rulers), is called a what? 2. From your first section over Mesopotamia, what was the first empire in World History? 3. The first written language studied in world history was a “wedge shaped writing” called what? Who first developed it?

2. Unit One Section 3 The Early Indo Europeans

3. Indo Europeans & an Origin of Many Languages 1. Indo Europeans refer to a people who spoke a particular single parent tongue – Indo European language is the root of Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, and Germanic Languages – Indo Europeans were a nomadic people Nomads are a community of people who move from place to place, hunting and gathering, herding, and farming Nomads often traded goods and technology as they traveled. – One group of Indo Europeans settled and became the Hittites 1. Indo Europeans refer to a people who spoke a particular single parent tongue – Indo European language is the root of Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, and Germanic Languages – Indo Europeans were a nomadic people Nomads are a community of people who move from place to place, hunting and gathering, herding, and farming Nomads often traded goods and technology as they traveled. – One group of Indo Europeans settled and became the Hittites

4. Hittites 2. The Hittites settled western Asia in what is now Turkey. The kingdom lasted from ~ 1600 B.C. to 1200 B.C. 2. The Hittites settled western Asia in what is now Turkey. The kingdom lasted from ~ 1600 B.C. to 1200 B.C.

5. Hittites The Hittites were the first Indo European people to use Iron. – Iron made stronger, cheaper weapons, due to the abundance of Iron Ore. Hittites were destroyed ~ 1200 B.C. by invading forces. The end of the Hittites and the weakened Egyptian empire led to smaller City-States emerging in Western Asia. The Hittites were the first Indo European people to use Iron. – Iron made stronger, cheaper weapons, due to the abundance of Iron Ore. Hittites were destroyed ~ 1200 B.C. by invading forces. The end of the Hittites and the weakened Egyptian empire led to smaller City-States emerging in Western Asia.

6. The Phoenicians 3. The Phoenicians were traders who lived along the eastern Mediterranean coast. The Phoenician culture is best know for its alphabet. The Semitic speaking Phoenician’s alphabet had 22 letters. The letters created the sounds for all their words. The Phoenician alphabet was passed on to the Greeks, Romans, and would later be the basis for the English alphabet. The Phoenicians were also great traders. They traded goods all over the Mediterranean and beyond, including dyes, glass, and lumber.

7. Phoenician Trade

8. The Israelites 4. The Israelites were nomads who roamed western Asia all the way to Egypt. Israeli history records that Moses led the Israeli people out of enslavement from Egypt. The Israelite people organized between 1200 and 1000 B.C., forming the Kingdom of Israel. The history and religious beliefs of the Israelites was written in the Hebrew Bible, know to Christians as the Old Testament. Israelites were monotheistic, which is the belief in one God. King Solomon (970 BC to 930 BC), was a great leader of Israel who made Jerusalem its capital. He was considered a leader with great wisdom. Solomon built a great temple in the city which became the symbolic center of religion. 4. The Israelites were nomads who roamed western Asia all the way to Egypt. Israeli history records that Moses led the Israeli people out of enslavement from Egypt. The Israelite people organized between 1200 and 1000 B.C., forming the Kingdom of Israel. The history and religious beliefs of the Israelites was written in the Hebrew Bible, know to Christians as the Old Testament. Israelites were monotheistic, which is the belief in one God. King Solomon (970 BC to 930 BC), was a great leader of Israel who made Jerusalem its capital. He was considered a leader with great wisdom. Solomon built a great temple in the city which became the symbolic center of religion.

9. The Israelites

10. The Israelites: A bleak history After Solomon’s death, Israel was divided into two Kingdoms. Ten tribes formed the Kingdom of Israel to the north. These tribes were conquered by the Assyrians, and became known as the “lost tribes”. The second, The Kingdom of Judah, was formed to the south Judah will be attacked and overrun by multiple enemies, each time dispersing its people. In 586, their capital Jerusalem was completely destroyed and many people were enslaved and sent to Babylon. The people kept their religion, Judaism, regardless of their plight. The People of Judah became known as the Jews. After Solomon’s death, Israel was divided into two Kingdoms. Ten tribes formed the Kingdom of Israel to the north. These tribes were conquered by the Assyrians, and became known as the “lost tribes”. The second, The Kingdom of Judah, was formed to the south Judah will be attacked and overrun by multiple enemies, each time dispersing its people. In 586, their capital Jerusalem was completely destroyed and many people were enslaved and sent to Babylon. The people kept their religion, Judaism, regardless of their plight. The People of Judah became known as the Jews.

11. A unique new religion Judaism believed in one God, Yahweh, and that his message was passed by his Prophets. – Prophets were religious leaders and teachers who served as the voice of God. – According to Hebrew historical text, the Jewish people followed the 10 Commandments, passed by Yahweh to Moses at Mt. Sinai during Exodus. Key to Judaism: All people had access to faith! The Hebrew Bible was available to everyone, not just political leaders and monarchs. Judaism believed in one God, Yahweh, and that his message was passed by his Prophets. – Prophets were religious leaders and teachers who served as the voice of God. – According to Hebrew historical text, the Jewish people followed the 10 Commandments, passed by Yahweh to Moses at Mt. Sinai during Exodus. Key to Judaism: All people had access to faith! The Hebrew Bible was available to everyone, not just political leaders and monarchs.

12. New Empires 5. Ancient civilizations saw a series of Indo European empires take power then fall. Two major empires included the Assyrian Empire and the Persian Empire 5. Ancient civilizations saw a series of Indo European empires take power then fall. Two major empires included the Assyrian Empire and the Persian Empire Assyrian EmpirePersian Empire

13. Assyrian Empire 6. The Assyrians were a semitic speaking people from Mesopotamia area near the Tigris river. Established a large empire for ~ 100 years from ~ 700 B.C. to 612 B.C. Assyrians were ruled by an absolute monarch. The Assyrian’s were the first to equip large armies iron weapons and materials. Their army was huge, well organized, and well disciplined. It used many different strategies depending on the situation. The Assyrians were brutal to their enemies, using terror as a weapon.

14. Assyrian Empire King Ashurbanipal of Assyria: – “3,000 of their combat troops I felled with weapons…Many I took alive; from some of these I cut off these I cut off their hands to the wrist, from others I cut off their noses, ears, and fingers. I put out the eyes of many of the soldiers…I burned their young men and women to death” The empire was short. Internal strife and resentment to Assyrian rule eventual led to them being conquered.

15. Persian Empire (560 BC to 330 BC) 7. The Persian Empire originated from an Indo European people from SW Iran. Cyrus “the Great” united the Persians and forged a massive empire that stretched from Asia Minor to India 7. The Persian Empire originated from an Indo European people from SW Iran. Cyrus “the Great” united the Persians and forged a massive empire that stretched from Asia Minor to India

16. Persian Empire Cyrus’s empire was different from the Assyrians. He demonstrated understanding, compassion, and mercy. The lands he conquered accepted his rule. Cyrus not only respected other cultures, but integrated them into his empire. Cyrus’s son Darius, (521 BC to 486 BC),added to the empire, expanding into Egypt and the southern European area of Thrace. Cyrus’s empire was different from the Assyrians. He demonstrated understanding, compassion, and mercy. The lands he conquered accepted his rule. Cyrus not only respected other cultures, but integrated them into his empire. Cyrus’s son Darius, (521 BC to 486 BC),added to the empire, expanding into Egypt and the southern European area of Thrace.

17. Persian Empire Darius divided the empire into 20 areas called Satrapies. Each Satrapies was run by a leader called a satrap. Each satrap was responsible for protecting his area, collecting taxes, and sustaining an army.

18. Persian Empire The Kingdom was connected by many well maintained roads, including the Royal Road, which stretched thousands of miles from the Persian capital of Susa to Lydia in Asia Minor. The Persian Empire’s road system had stations that provided fresh water, food, and supplies for the army. The Persian army, like the Assyrians, was well organized. It was anchored by the Immortals, an elite infantry force. The Kingdom was connected by many well maintained roads, including the Royal Road, which stretched thousands of miles from the Persian capital of Susa to Lydia in Asia Minor. The Persian Empire’s road system had stations that provided fresh water, food, and supplies for the army. The Persian army, like the Assyrians, was well organized. It was anchored by the Immortals, an elite infantry force.

19. Persian Empire The Persian Empire was the largest in the world to date. After the death of Darius, the kingdom suffered from internal strife and fighting for rule. Greek ruler Alexander the Great would conquer Persia in the 330’s B.C. The Persian Empire was the largest in the world to date. After the death of Darius, the kingdom suffered from internal strife and fighting for rule. Greek ruler Alexander the Great would conquer Persia in the 330’s B.C.