1. Chapter Nine Political Parties

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 2 Objectives Define the term political party and contrast the structures of the European and American parties, paying particular attention to the federal structure of the United States system and the concept of party identification. Trace the development of the United States party system through its four periods. Explain why parties have been in decline since the New Deal. Describe the structure of a major party. Distinguish major from minor parties. Indicate whether there are major differences between the parties. Describe some of the issue differences between delegates at Democratic and Republican conventions, and compare these differences with those of the party rank and file.

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 3 Political Parties A party is a group that seeks to elect candidates to public office by supplying them with a label (party identification), by which they are known to the electorate United States parties have become weaker as labels, sets of leaders, and organizations

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 4 Daily Show: Republicans: The Lost Party

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 5 Parties in the US and Europe European parties are disciplined gatekeepers, to which voters are very loyal, though this has been declining recently The federal system decentralizes power in U.S. Parties are closely regulated by state and federal laws, which weaken them Candidates are now chosen through primaries, not by party leaders

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 6 The Rise and Decline of Parties The founders disliked parties, viewing them as factions During the Jacksonian era political participation became a mass phenomenon From the Civil War until the 1930s most states were dominated by one party Progressives pushed measures to curtail parties’ power and influence

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 7 The Results of Reform The worst forms of political corruption were reduced All political parties were weakened; parties became less able to hold officeholders accountable or to coordinate across the branches of government

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 8 Figure 9.1: Decline in Party Identification, 1952-2002 National Election Studies, The NES Guide to Public Opinion and Electoral Behavior, 1952-2000, table 20.1, and data for 2002 updated by Marc Siegal.

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 9

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 10 2008

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 11 July 2010

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 12 Party Realignment Critical or realigning periods: periods when a sharp, lasting shift occurs in the popular coalition supporting one or both parties Two kinds of realignments –A major party is defeated so badly that it disappears and a new party emerges Federalists and Whigs –Two existing parties continue but voters shift their loyalty from one to another 1860, 1896, 1932

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 13 Realignments Occur when a new, very important issue cuts across party lines and replaces issues that used to be the basis of party identification 1860: slavery issue fixed new loyalties in the popular mind 1896: economic issues shifted loyalties to East/West, city/farm split 1932: economic depression triggered new coalition for Democrats 1980: Could not have been a traditional realignment, because Congress was left in the hands of the Democrats

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 14 Figure 7.3: Cleavages and Continuity in the Two-Party System

15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 15 Map 7.1: The Election of 1828

16. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 16 Map 7.2: The Election of 1860

17. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 17 Map 7.3: The Election of 1896

18. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 18 Figure 7.3: Cleavages and Continuity in the Two-Party System (cont’d)

19. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 19 Map 7.4: The Election of 1932

20. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 20 The Election of 1976

21. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 21 The Election of 1992

22. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 22 The Election of 1992 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelecti on.php?year=1976http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelecti on.php?year=1976

23. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 23 Isarithmic History of the Two-Party Vote

24. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 24 Party Decline Evidence that parties are declining, not realigning Proportion of people identifying with a party declined between 1960 and 1980 Proportion of those voting a split ticket increased

25. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 25 Table 7.2: The Rise of Republican Politics in the South, 1956-2002

26. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 26 Figure 9.2: Trends in Split-Ticket Voting For President and Congress, 1920-2000

27. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 27 Party Structure "Political Parties: Mobilizing Agents" Parties are similar on paper RNC effectively created a national firm of political consultants Democrats moved to factionalized structure and redistributed power By the 1990s, DNC had learned from the RNC: adopted the same techniques, with some success (THEME A: PARTY STRUCTURE TODAY)

28. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 28 Nominating a President Primary: an election in which voters select the candidate who will run on each party’s ticket Caucus: a meeting of party followers at which delegates are picked

29. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 29 Table 9.1: Who Are the Party Delegates?

30. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 30 Table 9.5: How Party Delegates and Party Voters Differ in Liberal Ideology

31. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 31 Table 7.6: Political Opinions of Delegates and Voters

32. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 32 Table 7.3: Party Voting in Presidential Elections

33. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 33 National Conventions National committee sets time and place; issues a “call” setting the number of delegates for each state and the rules for their selection In 1970s, Democrats’ rules were changed to weaken local party leaders and increase the proportions of women and minorities In 1988, the number of superdelegates was increased MSNBC: The Primary Season http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/

34. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 34 THEME A: DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Consider the five types of local political party organizations that the text lists. What advantages and disadvantages does each type have? Rank the five types according to whether they can:  Introduce needed political reforms  Successfully assemble enough power to govern effectively  Induce a broad cross section of society to participate  Avoid corruption  Give the voters a reasonable choice of policy-makers and policies  Allow the voters to hold politicians responsible for the success or failure of their policies  Rejuvenate the political process by allowing “outsiders” in

35. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 35 THEME A DISCUSSION QUESTION (cont.) Are some types of parties more likely to be stronger and more electorally successful than others? Under what circumstances should each type of party, with its virtues and disadvantages, be established? abolished? The national political parties have little control over the behavior of their members or of the candidates representing them. For example, David Duke—a former grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan—entered the Louisiana legislature as a Republican despite radio broadcasts by President Reagan calling for his defeat. How is the political system hurt by the loose organization of political parties? Voter loyalty to a particular party is diminishing, with many voters unable to distinguish between the two major parties. Would a strengthened party structure prevent defections? Would this be a positive development? Or would the power of the states be restricted? Would candidates be less responsive to local interests?

36. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 36 THEME A DISCUSSION QUESTIONS (cont.) Suppose you wanted more powerful parties. Which alternative in each pair would achieve this goal? How?  Public financing of campaigns or private contributions  More primaries or more caucuses  More openness to outside political forces or more control by established political figures  More power in Washington or more power in state and local governments  More people in politics because of ideology or “principle” or more in it for jobs and money

37. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 37 Kinds of Parties Political machine: a party organization that recruits members via tangible incentives Ideological party: principle is more important than winning election Solidary groups: members are motivated by solidarity incentives THEME B: UNITED STATES PARTIES AS BROAD COALITIONS

38. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 38 Kinds of Parties Sponsored parties: created or sustained by another organization Personal following: requires an appealing personality, an extensive network, name recognition, and money

39. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 39 Reasons for the Two Party System Electoral system—winner-take-all and plurality system limit the number of parties Opinions of voters—two broad coalitions work, although there may be times of bitter dissent State laws have made it very difficult for third parties to get on the ballot http://www.theonion.com/content/video/zom bie_reagan_raised_from_gravehttp://www.theonion.com/content/video/zom bie_reagan_raised_from_grave

40. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 40 Table 9.4: The Public Rates the Two Parties

41. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 41 Minor Parties Ideological parties: comprehensive, radical view; most enduring One-issue parties: address one concern, avoid others Economic protest parties: regional, protest economic conditions Factional parties: from split in a major party, usually over the party’s presidential nominee

42. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 42 Impact of Minor Parties Conventional wisdom holds that minor parties develop ideas that the major parties adopt Factional parties have had probably the greatest influence on public policy Socialist Party Brian Moore http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/comme rcials/1992http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/comme rcials/1992

43. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 43 THEME B DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Democratic politics always requires a majority coalition to win. In the United States the coalition is formed before an election, in the makeup of political parties. In European multiparty systems the coalition is formed after the election, when a political leader bargains for the support of other parties to form a voting coalition of a majority of seats in parliament. What difference might it make whether the coalition is together before or after the election? Which system allows the most meaningful elections? Which allows citizens to express their attitudes best in the polling booth? Which most effectively allows citizens to hold politicians accountable for what they do?

44. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.9 | 44 THEME B DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Why do some voters believe that it is illogical to vote for a party other than one of the two major ones? What would a voter who found the Democrats insufficiently liberal have gained by voting for a presidential candidate such as Democrat Eugene McCarthy, who ran as an independent in 1976? Would this reasoning apply to the presidential elections of 1992, 1996, and 2000? In 1996, Jesse Ventura was elected governor of Minnesota, having run on the Reform Party ticket. Ventura was a former pro-wrestler, actor, and radio talk show host; he served as mayor of Brooklyn Park, Minnesota’s sixth largest city, from 1991 to 1995. Does Ventura’s election suggest that the Reform Party may be in a position to challenge the Democratic and Republican parties in the future? Why or why not? For further information about the Reform Party, see: http://www.reformparty.org/ http://www.reformparty.org/