1. UNESCO Institute for Statistics 1 Education related MDG indicators: methodology and issues Ioulia Sementchouk UNESCO Institute for Statistics November 21, 2012

2. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Outline  Millennium Development Goals Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women 2

3. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Education is vital to meet all of the development goals

4. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Goal 2  Achieve universal primary education Target 2.A: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling 4

5. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Monitoring indicators: Target 2.A Youth literacy rate Progress Outcome Participation Net enrolment rate Survival rate to the last grade Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling

6. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Participation  Indicator 2.1: Net enrolment rate in primary education 6

7. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Net enrolment rate (NER)  Definition: Percentage of children of the official primary school age group who are enrolled in primary education.  Calculation: Divide the number of pupils of the official primary age group who are enrolled in primary education by the population for the same age group and multiply the result by 100.

8. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Net enrolment rate (NER) 8

9. UNESCO Institute for Statistics AgePopulation Enrolment in primary education 537,47219 637,4845,088 736,20632,111 836,37333,983 937,19633,084 1038,12230,692 1139,2003,027 1240,777296 1343,14768 1446,73747 1549,51121 Total 138,436 Republic of Moldova (2011) Entry age: 7 year old Duration: 4 years Official age group: 7-10 AgePopulation Enrolment in primary education 537,47219 637,4845,088 736,20632,111 836,37333,983 937,19633,084 1038,12230,692 1139,2003,027 1240,777296 1343,14768 1446,73747 1549,51121 Total 138,436 AgePopulation Enrolment in primary education 537,47219 637,4845,088 736,20632,111 836,37333,983 937,19633,084 1038,12230,692 1139,2003,027 1240,777296 1343,14768 1446,73747 1549,51121 Total 138,436

10. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Recent update  Concept of out-of-school children is redefined: Children of primary school age are counted as being in school when they are either in primary or secondary education.  Adjusted NER (NERA) is more appropriate to monitor MDGs NERA: including primary school age in secondary education

11. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Adjusted net enrolment rate (NERA)  Definition: Percentage of children of the official primary school age group who are enrolled in primary or secondary education.  Calculation: Divide the total number of pupils in the official primary school age range who are enrolled in primary or secondary education in a given school year by the population of the same age group and multiply the result by 100. 11

12. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Adjusted net enrolment rate (NERA) 12

13. UNESCO Institute for Statistics AgePopulation Enrolment in primary education 736,20632,111 836,37333,983 937,19633,084 10 38,12230,692 Total147,897129,870 Republic of Moldova (2011) AgePopulation Enrolment in primary education Enrolment in secondary education Total enrolment 736,20632,111n 836,37333,983n 937,19633,0843833,122 10 38,12230,692 4,05434,746 Total147,897129,8704,092133,962 Official age group: 7-10

14. UNESCO Institute for Statistics NER vs NERA 24

15. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Adjusted net enrolment rate  Interpretation: Increasing NERA might reflect improving participation of children in the official primary school age, the decrease of the target population or both. A value of 100% might indicate that the country has accomplished the UPE goal. However, this condition is not sufficient for UPE due to, for example, a high repetition rate, which might lead pupils to dropout after primary school age without completing primary education.

16. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Adjusted net enrolment rate  Limitations: The theoretical maximum of NERA is 100 per cent. However, the NERA may exceed this maximum due to inconsistencies between population and enrolment data derived from different data sources. School enrolments may be over or under-reported for various reasons. 16

17. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Progress  Indicator 2.2: Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach the last grade of primary 17

18. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Survival rate to the last grade of primary education  Definition: Percentage of a cohort of pupils enrolled in the first grade who are expected to reach the last grade of primary education, regardless the repetition.  Rationale: This indicator measures an education system’s success in retaining students from one grade to the next as well as its internal efficiency. Various factors account for poor performance on this indicator, including low quality of schooling, discouragement over poor achievement and the direct and indirect costs of schooling. Students’ progress to higher grades may also be limited by the availability of teachers, classrooms and educational materials.

19. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Survival rate to the last grade of primary education Calculation: The survival rate is calculated on the basis of the reconstructed cohort method, which uses data on enrolment and repeaters for two consecutive years. This method makes three assumptions: drop-outs never return to school; promotion, repetition and drop-out rates remain constant over the entire period in which the cohort is enrolled in school; the same rates apply to all pupils enrolled in a given grade, regardless of whether they previously repeated a grade.

20. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Primary educationGrade 1Grade 2Grade 3Grade 4Grade 5 2010Enrolment42,67339,50046,96647,56948,073 2011Enrolment39,93241,98939,27246,80147,666 2011Repeaters572298245 521 Primary educationGrade 1Grade 2Grade 3Grade 4Grade 5 2010Enrolment42,67339,50046,96647,56948,073 2011Enrolment39,93241,98939,27246,80147,666 2011Repeaters572298245 521 Albania (2010) 20 Primary educationGrade 1Grade 2Grade 3Grade 4Grade 5 2010Enrolment42,67339,50046,96647,56948,073 2011Enrolment39,93241,98939,27246,80147,666 2011Repeaters572298245 521 Primary educationGrade 1Grade 2Grade 3Grade 4Grade 5 2010Enrolment42,67339,50046,96647,56948,073 2011Enrolment39,93241,98939,27246,80147,666 2011Repeaters572298245 521

21. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Survival rate to the last grade of primary education, 1999 and 2010 21

22. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Survival rate to the last grade of primary education  Interpretation: Indicator values range from 0% (none of the pupils starting grade 1 reach the last grade) to 100% (all of the pupils reach the last grade). Survival Rates approaching 100 per cent indicate a high level of retention and a low incidence of dropout. It is important to note that it does not imply that all children of school age complete primary education. The Survival Rate is a percentage of a cohort of pupils (that is, children who have already entered school) and not a percentage of children of school age.

23. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Survival rate to the last grade of primary education  Limitations: S ince the calculation of the proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach last grade of primary is based on pupil-flow rates, the reliability of the survival rate depends on the consistency of data coverage on enrolment and repeaters over time and across grades.  Given that this indicator is usually estimated using cohort analysis models that are based on a number of assumptions, care should be taken in using the results in comparisons.

24. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Gross intake ratio to the last grade – Proxy measure of primary completion  Definition: Total number of new entrants in the last grade of primary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population at the theoretical entrance age to the last grade of primary.  Calculation: Divide the number of new entrants in last grade of primary, regardless of age, by the population of theoretical entrance age to the last grade of primary, and multiply the result by 100.

25. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education 25

26. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education  Limitations: The calculation includes all new entrants to the last grade (regardless of age). Therefore, the ratio can exceed 100%, due to over-aged and under-aged children who enter primary school late/early and/or repeat grades in previous years. However, in the long run the Gross intake ratio to the last grade should approach 100%.

27. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Gross intake rate to the last grade of primary education, 1999 and 2011

28. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Outcome  Indicator 2.3: Literacy rate of 15- to 24-year-old women and men 28

29. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Youth literacy rate (15-24 years)  Definition: Percentage of people aged 15 to 24 years who can both read and write with understanding a short, simple statement on their everyday life.  Calculation: Divide the number of people aged 15 to 24 years who are literate by the total population in the same age group and multiply the result by 100.

30. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Youth literacy rate (15-24 years) 30

31. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Youth literacy rate (15-24 years)  Interpretation: The indicator ranges from 0% (all youth are illiterate) to 100% (all youth are literate). Literacy rates below 100 per cent indicate the need to increase school participation and education quality.  Rationale: The youth literacy rate reflects the outcomes of the primary education system over the previous 10 years, and is often seen as a proxy measure of social progress and economic achievement. The literacy rate is the complement of the illiteracy rate. It is not a measure of the adequacy of the literacy levels needed for individuals to function and participate in a society (functional literacy).

32. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Youth literacy rate (15-24 years)

33. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Youth literacy rate (15-24 years)

34. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Youth literacy rate (15-24 years)  Limitations: Some countries apply definitions and criteria for literacy which are different from the international standard defined above, or equate persons with no schooling to illiterates, or change definitions between censuses.  Practices for identifying literates and illiterates during actual census enumeration may also vary. Errors in literacy self- declaration can affect the reliability of the statistics.

35. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Gender parity index (GPI)  Definition: Ratio of female to male values of a given indicator.  Purpose: The GPI measures progress towards gender parity in education participation and/or learning opportunities available for girls in relation to those available to boys.  Calculation: Divide the female value of an indicator by the male value of the same indicator.

36. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Gender parity index (GPI) 36 Where: GPI GER Gender parity index for Gross enrolment ratio GER Female Gross enrolment ratio for female GER Male Gross enrolment ratio for male

37. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Gross enrolment ratio (GER)  Definition: Total enrolment in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the official school-age population corresponding to the same level of education.  Calculation: Divide the number of pupils enrolled in a given level of education regardless of age by the population of the age group which officially corresponds to the given level of education, and multiply the result by 100.

38. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Gross enrolment ratio (GER)

39. UNESCO Institute for Statistics School-age population Enrolment in primary education AgeFemaleMaleFemaleMale 616,69017,83314,47715,213 717,39818,58616,48417,351 818,19819,43516,27317,357 919,04220,33117,35218,151 1020,01221,35116,71617,503 111,6391,969 1272104 132838 14 22 153247 Total91,34097,53683,08787,755 Bosnia and Herzegovina (2011)

40. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Measuring gender parity GER for Primary education, 2011 TajikistanAlbaniaGeorgia Girls GER98.485.4108.1 Boys GER102.486.4105.0 GPI0.960.991.03 1.00 Perfect parity Higher rate among boys Higher rate among girls Gender parity index – an index of 1.00 is perfect parity, and 0.97 – 1.03 is considered a zone of gender parity ↓ ↓ ↓

41. UNESCO Institute for Statistics 41 Gender parity index by level of education, 1999 and 2011 The horizontal green bar represents the zone of gender parity Primary education Secondary education Tertiary education

42. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Gender parity index (GPI)  Limitations: The index does not show whether improvement or regression is due to the performance of one of the gender groups (boys or girls). Interpretation of the GPI requires trend analysis of the underlying GER values.

43. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Additional indicators for analysis Are there enough places for all children?  Gross enrolment ratio Do children start school at the right age?  Gross intake rate  Net intake rate  Adjusted net intake rate Do all children go to school?  Numbers of children out-of-school 43

44. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Additional indicators for analysis How do children progress through the system?  Promotion rate  Repetition rate Do children complete primary education?  Primary completion rate 44

45. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Azerbaijan (2011)  Most children are in school but NERA is low - why? 45 Entry age: 6 year old Duration: 4 years Official age group: 6-9 AgePopulation Enrolment in primary education Enrolment in secondary education 5120,9998,986n 6121,28696,895n 7132,395113,448n 8127,083115,544n 9124,368111,6213,311 10129,59931,39377,913 Total505,132437,5083,311

46. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Azerbaijan (2011) 46  NERA vs GER in primary education

47. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Azerbaijan (2011)  Percentage of 6- and 7-year-olds in primary grade 1

48. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Azerbaijan (2011)  Reason for low NERA: late entry into primary school Entry age: 6 year old AgePopulation Enrolment in Grade 1 of primary education 5120,99968 6121,28692,578 7132,39525,678 8127,0831,627 9124,36813 10129,59916 11134,29615 12138,5663 Total119,998

49. UNESCO Institute for Statistics Contact information Ioulia Sementchouk Education Indicators and Data Analysis UNESCO Institute for Statistics i.sementchouk@unesco.org www.uis.unesco.org 49