1. Siaya – Vihiga Survey Data Collection and Analysis Reminder: Baselines had been collected for 120 households in 2000 (but matching in different surveys was not perfect) so about 110 were useable. Follow up in 2002: consumption, assets, expenditure (non- food) done in April to match 2000 calendar) – 103 households are fully intact with requisite data Follow up in September 2002 for land use and production data Follow up in December 2002 - January 2003 for market and credit transactions

2. Chronic Poor Transient: Poor to Non-poor Transient: Non-poor to poor Non-Poor Energy intake11.714.630.143.7 Protein intake35.015.537.911.7 Non-food expenditure 43.714.619.422.3 Liquid assets62.15.810.721.4 Comparison of Chronic Poverty Using Different Measures in Siaya-Vihiga Villages

3. Non-food expenditures Protein Intake ChronicTransientNon-poor Chronic17.512.64.9 Transient23.318.411.7 Non-poor2.9 5.8 Comparison of chronically poor under the protein intake and non-food expenditure definitions (% of households)

4. Asset Coverage Protein Intake ChronicTransientNon-poor Chronic22.34.97.8 Transient34.09.7 Non-poor5.81.93.9 Comparison of chronically poor under the protein intake and asset coverage definitions (% of households)

5. Identifying the Chronic Poor Obviously dependent on measures and criteria What to do when there are large trends – for instance a general worsening in poverty (and consequence rise in importance of transitory poverty)? For qualitative sampling – best to use households that qualify under more than one definition? The 2-year panel seems to differ with qualitative case studies that seem to imply long-term transmission and reinforcement of poverty

6. Characteristics of the Chronic Poor Two factors were robust: secondary education and previous employment in formal sector Many other factors depended on measure of poverty: gender, ethnicity, family size Non-factors were: farm size

7. Agricultural Consequences of Chronic Poverty Significant differences are noted between the chronic poor and the non-poor; but chronic and tranistory poor appear to be similar in many respects Behaviour associated uniquely with the chronic poor: Use of fertilizer (amounts too) Behaviour associated with chronic and transient poor: Use of hybrids, use of credit, cultivation of cash crops, hiring of labour, use of animal manure

8. Never triedDroppedTestingAdopted Protein measure Chronic poor44.48.3 38.9 Transient poor49.116.43.630.9 Non-poor25.033.316.725.0 Non-food expenditure measure Chronic poor44.420.02.233.3 Transient poor42.917.18.631.4 Non-poor47.84.313.034.8 Adoption of improved fallows by poverty classification