1. A. Reticulum Tough, honeycomb like structure, puncture resistant, lower portion of the ‘Catches’ foreign objects and prevents them from causing further harm downstream of the rumen. Once items “sink” and are “caught” they stay there forever unless removed

2. Reticulum – full – left Reticulum – cleaned - lower Reticulum – enlarged – bottom left

3. Telephone Cord

4. Wire

5. Sponge taken from digestive system of an animal

6. T. Left – Cow magnet used verses after harvest. B. Left – New magnet B. Right – Insertion Using balling gun

7. A. Omasum Section that is round and muscular Resembles pages of an open book “Grinds” the food material and prepares the food material for chemical breakdown. Absorbs water, volatile fatty acids and nutrients Folds trap digested particles to maximize absorption Injects a soupy mixture of partially digested forage and microbes into this structure

8. A. Abomasum It operates much like our own stomachs (but handles more bacteria than ours) It secretes acid and digestive enzymes Where the majority of chemical breakdown of food material occurs. Mixes in digestive enzymes (pepsin, rennin, bile, etc.).

10. 9. Small Intestine - where most of the food material is absorbed into the bloodstream Contains three sections: duodenum jejunum ileum

11. A. Duodenum: first section (active digestion) -Receives secretions from: Pancreas: acts on proteins, carbohydrates and lipids Liver: bile (stored in the gallbladder) breaks down fat. *Horses do not have gallbladders B. Jejunum: middle section; active in nutrient absorption C. Ileum: last section; active in nutrient absorption

12. Small Intestines Walls of the S.I. are lined with a series of fingerlike projections called villi, which in turn have minute projections called microvilli that increase the nutrient absorption area.

13. 10. Large Intestines Site of water restoration Secretion of some mineral elements Storage reservoir calcium of undigested GIT contents. Bacterial fermentation: Synthesis of some water-soluble vitamins and vitamin K. Some bacterial breakdown of fibrous ingredients. Synthesis of some protein,

14. A. Cecum: first section size varies considerably in different species; No significance in the pig or human (dead end) IMPORTANT in horse and rabbit Bacterial breakdown of cellulose and other carbohydrate material to produce VFAs thus, the horse can utilize fibrous feeds. Site of bacterial synthesis of water-soluble vitamins and protein.

15. B. Colon: middle section largest part of the L.I. Primary area of water restoration from intestinal contents. C. Rectum: last section of the L.I. and the end of the digestive tract before the unabsorbed material (feces) is excreted out the anus (preparation for excretion) (poop chute)

16. 11. Anus - opening through which the waste is removed. Controlled by sphincter muscles, that also help protect the opening.