1. Bio 326 Genetics Dr. Jennifer Schisa (Skee-za) Brooks 230A - sign up for appointments Email: schis1j@cmich.edu http://www.cst.cmich.edu/users/schis1j/bio326-02/index.htm

2. Labs - Brooks 204 SectionInstructorDay TimeCode 16115Dr. SchisaTues. 2-4:50 pm T2 16107Jason HamptonTues. 6-8:50 pm T6 16139Jason HamptonWed. 3-5:50 pm W3 16121Jason HamptonWed. 6-8:50 pm W6 Contact Jason: Brooks 186; email: jahz19@hotmail.com

3. We Learn: 10% of what we read 20% of what we hear 30% of what we see 50% of what we see and hear 60% of what we write 70% of what is discussed 80% of what we experience 95% of what we teach. Text Lecture Lab report Doing labs Presentations Philosophy of learning

4. How to succeed in this course Attend lecture regularly Study 2 hours for every hour of lecture, ie. minimum 6 hours a week for genetics If you are taking 15 credits, then you should be studying at least 30 hours/ week outside of class Make use of office hours when you need help Do the practice problems and “web problems” http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/klug3/

5. 1.Name2. Lab code (ex. T-2) 3.Campus address 4.Email address 5.Year in school 6.Major 7.Bio courses taken previously 8.Bio courses taking now 9.Goals after college/career plans 10. Particular genetics topic of interest Introduction card

6. On sheet of paper - Pre-test: No name, not graded 1. What is a gene? 2. What is a chromosome? 3. Name one well-known geneticist. 4. Who won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Medicine? What was their scientific contribution? 5. What does it mean to be diploid? 6. What would happen without meiosis? 7. Where does transcription occur in a cell? 8. What are 2 applications of genetics you are interested in learning more about?

7. Outline - Lecture 1. I. What is genetics and what is its history? II. Basic concepts that underlie the study of genetics: DNA, genes, chromosomes III. How do scientists investigate genetics? IV. Genetics and society

8. I. What is Genetics? Genetics: the science of heredity and variation Heredity: the transmission of traits from parent to offspring How are traits transmitted?????

9. History of Genetics Prehistoric times (6000 BC): artificial selection of genetic variants within populations; ex. plant cultivation The Greek influence (400 BC): traits are passed from all parts of the body into the semen and passed to offspring Preformation (1600’s): miniature adult lives in either sperm or egg; best explained continuity (heredity) Epigenesis (1700’s): adult form develops gradually from egg; best explained variation

10. **Debate continued into 1800’s** How are traits transmitted from parent to child? 1. Lamarck: “pangenesis” - particles migrate to sex cells to transmit each cell’s characteristics 2. Weismann: nuclear “determinants”; not every determinant goes into every cell. Only cells destined to become egg or sperm retain all “determinants”. egg sperm or

11. 19 generations later Tail length remained constant; progeny do NOT inherit characteristics from the body of the parent. Expt. Cut tails of newborn mice for several generations

12. II. Basic concepts Gene: unit of heredity, residing at a specific point on a chromosome; a length of DNA that specifies a product Chromosome: condensed, linear DNA and protein, containing genes and intervening sequences DNA: the genetic material in all living organisms; in eukaryotes, located in the nucleus on chromosomes

13. Biological flow of information (central dogma) DNA RNA Protein Trait

14. How many chromosomes does an organism have? But this is 2 copies of each type of chromosome (1 from mom and 1 from dad); the haploid # is 23. Most eukaryote species have a specific number of chromosomes in each cell In somatic cells (all cells but sperm and egg), this number is the diploid number, 2n ex. Humans have diploid # of 46.

15. How are chromosomes duplicated during cell division? When do somatic cells divide? ie. Why do cells divide? What is this cell division called? Mitosis (2n to 2n) ex. Cri-du-Chat syndrome Small part of chromosome 5 is lost: results in heart problems, mental retardation, and other problems What happens if chromosomes are not duplicated correctly?

16. Cri-du-chat syndrome karyotype

17. Meiosis- a special cell division to make gametes (sperm and egg) Why would a “regular” mitosis be a problem in making gametes? Meiotic cell division generates cells with one-half the genetic material (2n to 1n) - a reduction in chromosome number Source of genetic variation - more on this next time egg 2n + sperm, then4n embryo If

18. Transmission genetics - how are traits inherited from parents to offspring? examine patterns of inheritance of traits Molecular genetics - what is the structure and function of genes at the molecular level? has led to DNA biotechnology applications Population genetics - how do gene frequencies change (evolve) in populations? III. How do we investigate genetics?

19. Basic vs. Applied Genetics Basic research: knowledge for its own sake ex. Human genome project; essential for applied research Applied research: seeks to improve the well-being of human or society ex. Agriculture: selective breeding, genetically modified foods Medicine: new methods to diagnose and treat genetic disorders

20. IV. Genetics and Society Late 1800’s: First attempt to apply genetic knowledge directly for improvement of human existence based on Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection- “survival of the fittest” “eugenics” was favored by his cousin, Francis Galton: ` one can artificially select human characteristics by controlling human matings **Positive vs. negative eugenics

21. Historically: eugenics taken to the extreme- Nazi Germany 1930’s What about in USA??? Genetics and Society, cont. These policies were flawed by NOT understanding the genetic basis of various characteristics 1907- Indiana passed a law to require sterilization of those people considered genetically inferior Over half of the states passed such laws!

22. Determination of phenotype Are “superior” or “inferior” traits totally under genetic control? NO! Genotype - provides the blueprint Environment - internal or external influences Developmental noise - random events during embryonic development

23. Should we ever apply genetic knowledge for the improvement of human existence? Euphenics: medical or genetic intervention designed to reduce the impact of defective genotypes on people ex. Insulin treatment Advances in agriculture: plants - increased yields, increased resistance, hybrid production, selection of genetic variants (for better nutrition) livestock - higher quality meat; larger size and number of eggs