1. Exploring the Church

2. Questions

3. Exploring the Church Questions Describe your ideal vacation destination.

4. St. Valentinus (?-269) priest in Rome helped Christians during the persecution under Emperor Claudius II married Christian couples in secret (aiding Christians at the time was illegal) martyred on February 14 th, 269 (beaten, stoned, beheaded)

5. St. Nicholas (270-343) bishop of Myra (Turkey) present at the 1 st Council of Nicea (325) known for his (secret?) acts of generosity came to the aid of many Christians and non-Christians who found themselves in trouble of various kinds

6. St. Patrick (387-461) known as the “Apostle of Ireland” was a missionary to the people of Ireland for 40 years used the shamrock to explain the idea of the Trinity died March 17 th, 461

7. Terms asceticism – the practice of giving up physical pleasures (e.g.; food, drink, status, physical relationship) in order to focus on spiritual matters Christendom – the cooperative relationship between church and state in which the state is influenced by and helps to advance Christianity in the world, area of the world where Christianity predominates

12. Responses to Challenges 1. Steadfast faith (many times resulting in martyrdom) 2. Networking!! – Church leaders communicated with each other (e.g. – Ignatius & Polycarp) 3. Faithful teaching – 1 Corinthians 11:23, 15:3; 2 Thessalonians 2:15; 2 Timothy 1:13-14, 2:1-7 4. Strong leadership (?) 5*. Separation (attraction to monastic life)

13. Challenges Monasticism Tries to Address 1. Devoting oneself to God in a fuller and more focused way 2. Overcoming weaknesses and “unhealthy” desires in order to build spiritual strength 3. Resisting the temptations of this world (e.g., love of power, money/possessions, status, etc.)

14. Monasticism – establishment and growth  Initially – primarily individual (eremitic – to live as a hermit), communities or groups would then grow up near the hermit; e.g., Anthony  Early 4 th cent. – emphasis shifted to the formation of monastic communities (cenobitic – to live a common life together), communities might then be grouped together; e.g., Pachomius, Basil of Caesarea, Benedict of Nursia

15. Causes for Monastic “Surge” in 4 th -5 th cent (Noll) 1. Disarray caused by earlier persecution 2. Church’s growing favor within the Roman Empire - it was now possible for people to aspire to a priesthood or bishopric as a profession (i.e., get paid to do it); this offered an unprecedented opportunity for stability, influence, and even wealth 3. Perception of the world as a place of active spiritual combat 4. Scriptural examples and commands (Jesus, John the Baptist; Matthew 6:25 & 19:21, Colossians 3:1, 1 Cor. 7)

16. The Monastic Life -Prayer -Scripture study -“The Work of God” (opus dei) – worship times -Menial labor -The ascetic life – rejection of worldly possessions, ambitions, desires * - Communities followed the “Rule” or standard laid out for it

17. Benedict of Nursia (ca. 480-543) born in Nursia, Italy became a hermit as a young man, eventually asked to be the abbot of a monastery developed a Rule for monastic living (known as the Rule of St. Benedict) in order to reform the monastic movement established 12 monasteries and lived in a 13 th at Monte Cassino (south of Rome)

18. Fault Lines Revisited 1. Politics begin to influence church life – ex. Gregory of Naziansus & Emperor Theodosius I 2. Rome becomes unstable – sacked in 410 (Visigoths), 455 (Vandals), 546 (Ostrogoths) 3. Church begins to splinter – Nestorius dismissed in 431, Monophysites dismissed in 451

21. What was the first Christian Kingdom?

22. Fault Lines Revisited In 476, Flavius Odoacer (a Germanic soldier) deposed the Emperor Romulus Augustus, effectively ending the Western Roman Empire. The stress of the East/West division began to strain the relationships among the Christians and church leaders from the different halves of the Empire. In 570, Mohammed was born.

23. Fault Lines Revisited Throughout the time of turmoil in the Empire, people (including Roman leadership) increasingly looked to the church to provide stability.

24. Exploring the Church The Lord’s Prayer Our Father in heaven, Your name is holy. Your kingdom come. Your will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us today our daily bread. And forgive our sins, as we forgive those who sin against us. And do not lead us into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For the kingdom, the power, and the glory belong to you forever and ever. Amen.