2. ELECTRIC POTENTIAL January 5, 2007

3. Goings On For the Next Few Days Today Today –Return Exam #1 –Yell at you –Start Potential –There is a WebAssign Posted Wednesday – More of the same Wednesday – More of the same Friday – Friday – –7:30 AM problem session –Quiz on Potential –Class – Potential + problems

4. Average Grade was 58%

5. If you got less than 50% on this test (remember that I added 10) You either You either –Didn’t study for this class (probably from the beginning) –You did study and you should ask yourself if you really have the skills to become an engineer or scientist. –Yes, I am cruel! But think about it.

6. What were the issues?? You didn’t understand how to use symmetry and avoid integration (#1) You added vectors as if they were scalars. (#1 and #2) You didn’t understand the CONCEPT of FLUX. –You were unable to extract and understand information from a graph.

7. So … what next?? I will work with you if you want me to … –Utilize office hours for questions M 7:30-8:15 W 7::30 to 9:15ish F 8:30-8:15 MOST (not all) MWF 10:30 – 11:30 By appointment –Come to the Friday session and ask questions F 7:30-8:20

9. Picture a Region of space Where there is an Electric Field Imagine there is a particle of charge q at some location. Imagine there is a particle of charge q at some location. Imagine that the particle must be moved to another spot within the field. Imagine that the particle must be moved to another spot within the field. Work must be done in order to accomplish this. Work must be done in order to accomplish this.

10. What (or who) must do this work? An external agent (person) An external agent (person) The Field itself The Field itself Either of the above Either of the above Dr. Bindell Dr. Bindell

11. Electric Potential We will be dealing with  Work  Energy & Conservation Work must be done to move a charge in an electric field.  Let’s do a demo ….

12. I need some help.

13. What we will do …. For the moment, assume the charge has MASS. (It may not.) Assume the charge is initially stationary. The charge is to be moved to the left. The charge is to be moved at CONSTANT velocity. + charge E Mr. ExternalMrs. Fields

14. During this process, who is pushing? Mr. External Mrs. Fields Dr. Bindell

15. When we start the process, the charge that is stationary must be brought up to speed. This is work and must be accounted for. This is work but we don’t have to worry about it. Only Dr. Bindell worries about stupid stuff like this!

16. Start and Sop ENERGY is required to bring the charge up to speed (if it has mass). ENERGY is required to bring the particle back to rest (if it has mass). The sum of these two is ZERO.

17. During this process, who is actually doing work? Mr. External Mrs. Fields Both of them Neither of them.

18. Clearly Both are doing work. BOTH are applying a force through a distance. BOTH get tired!

19. About the work that they do.. Mrs. Fields does more work than Mr. External. Mr. External does more work than Mrs. Fields. Both do the same amount of work. Each does the negative amount of work than the other does.

21. So, when we move a charge in an Electric Field.. Move the charge at constant velocity so it is in mechanical equilibrium all the time. Ignore the acceleration at the beginning because you have to do the same amount of negative work to stop it when you get there.

22. Summary-- When an object is moved from one point to another in an Electric Field,  It takes energy (work) to move it.  This work can be done by an external force (you). FIELD negative  You can also think of this as the FIELD doing the negative of this amount of work on the particle.

23. And also remember: The net work done by a conservative (field) force on a particle moving around a closed path is ZERO!

24. A nice landscape  mg h Work done by external force = mgh How much work here by gravitational field?

25. The gravitational case: 

26. Someone else’s path 

27. IMPORTANT The work necessary for an external agent to move a charge from an initial point to a final point is INDEPENDENT OF THE PATH CHOSEN!

28. The Electric Field Is a conservative field.  No frictional losses, etc. Is created by charges. When one (external agent) moves a test charge from one point in a field to another, the external agent must do work. This work is equal to the increase in potential energy of the charge. It is also the NEGATIVE of the work done BY THE FIELD in moving the charge from the same points.

29. A few things to remember… A conservative force is NOT a Republican. An External Agent is NOT 007.

30. Electric Potential Energy When an electrostatic force acts between two or more charged particles, we can assign an ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY U to the system. The change in potential energy of a charge is the amount of work that is done by an external force in moving the charge from its initial position to its new position. It is the negative of the work done by the FIELD in moving the particle from the initial to the final position.

31. Definition – Potential Energy PE or U is the work done by an external agent in moving a charge from a REFERENCE POSITION to a different position. A Reference ZERO is placed at the most convenient position  Like the ground level in many gravitational potential energy problems.

32. Example: E Zero Level q F d Work by External Agent W external = F  d = qEd= U Work done by the Field is: W field = -qEd = -W external

33. A uniform electric field of magnitude 290 V/m is directed in the positive x direction. A +13.0 µC charge moves from the origin to the point (x, y) = (20.0 cm, 50.0 cm).(a) What is the change in the potential energy of the charge field system? [-0.000754] J

34. AN IMPORTANT DEFINITION Just as the ELECTRIC FIELD was defined as the FORCE per UNIT CHARGE: We define ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL as the POTENTIAL ENERGY PER UNIT CHARGE: VECTOR SCALAR

35. UNITS OF POTENTIAL

36. Let’s move a charge from one point to another via an external force. The external force does work on the particle. The ELECTRIC FIELD also does work on the particle. We move the particle from point i to point f. The change in kinetic energy is equal to the work done by the applied forces. Assume this is zero for now.

37. Furthermore… If we move a particle through a potential difference of  V, the work from an external “person” necessary to do this is q  V

38. Example Electric Field = 2 N/C 1  C d= 100 meters

39. One Step More

40. Consider Two Plates OOPS …

42. Look at the path issue

43. The difference in potential between the accelerating plates in the electron gun of a TV picture tube is about 25 000 V. If the distance between these plates is 1.50 cm, what is the magnitude of the uniform electric field in this region?

44. An ion accelerated through a potential difference of 115 V experiences an increase in kinetic energy of 7.37 × 10–17 J. Calculate the charge on the ion.

45. Important We defined an absolute level of potential. To do this, we needed to define a REFERENCE or ZERO level for potential. For a uniform field, it didn’t matter where we placed the reference. For POINT CHARGES, we will see shortly that we must place the level at infinity or the math gets very messy!

46. An Equipotential Surface is defined as a surface on which the potential is constant. It takes NO work to move a charged particle between two points at the same potential. The locus of all possible points that require NO WORK to move the charge to is actually a surface.

47. Example: A Set of Equipotenital Surfaces

48. Back To Yesteryear

49. Field Lines and Equipotentials Equipotential Surface Electric Field

50. Components Equipotential Surface Electric Field E normal E parallel xx Work to move a charge a distance  x along the equipotential surface Is Q x E parallel X  x

51. BUT This an EQUIPOTENTIAL Surface No work is needed since  V=0 for such a surface. Consequently E parallel =0 E must be perpendicular to the equipotential surface

52. Therefore E E E V=constant

53. Field Lines are Perpendicular to the Equipotential Lines

54. Equipotential

55. Consider Two Equipotential Surfaces – Close together V V+dV ds a b Work to move a charge q from a to b: E

56. Where

57. Over a certain region of space, the electric potential is V = 5x – 3x2y + 2yz2. Find the expressions for the x, y, and z components of the electric field over this region. What is the magnitude of the field at the point P that has coordinates (1, 0, – 2) m?

58. Typical Situation

59. Keep in Mind Force and Displacement are VECTORS! Potential is a SCALAR.

60. UNITS 1 VOLT = 1 Joule/Coulomb For the electric field, the units of N/C can be converted to: 1 (N/C) = 1 (N/C) x 1(V/(J/C)) x 1J/(1 NM) Or 1 N/C = 1 V/m So an acceptable unit for the electric field is now Volts/meter. N/C is still correct as well.

61. In Atomic Physics It is sometimes useful to define an energy in eV or electron volts. One eV is the additional energy that an proton charge would get if it were accelerated through a potential difference of one volt. 1 eV = e x 1V = (1.6 x 10 -19 C) x 1(J/C) = 1.6 x 10 -19 Joules. Nothing mysterious.

62. Coulomb Stuff: A NEW REFERENCE: INFINITY Consider a unit charge (+) being brought from infinity to a distance r from a Charge q: q r To move a unit test charge from infinity to the point at a distance r from the charge q, the external force must do an amount of work that we now can calculate. x

63. Just Do It!

64. OK, doing it! Set the REFERENCE LEVEL OF POTENTIAL at INFINITY so (1/r A )=0.

65. For point charges

66. For a DISTRIBUTION of charge:

69. Ponder – What is the potential a distance d from an infinite plane whose charge per unit area is  ?

70. Given two 2.00-μC charges, as shown in Figure P25.16, and a positive test charge q = 1.28 × 10–18 C at the origin, (a) what is the net force exerted by the two 2.00-μC charges on the test charge q? (b) What is the electric field at the origin due to the two 2.00-μC charges? (c) What is the electrical potential at the origin due to the two 2.00-μC charges?

71. The three charges in Figure P25.19 are at the vertices of an isosceles triangle. Calculate the electric potential at the midpoint of the base, taking q = 7.00 μC.

72. A disk of radius R has a non-uniform surface charge density σ = Cr, where C is a constant and r is measured from the center of the disk. Find (by direct integration) the potential at P.

73. Example: Find potential at P q1 q 2 q 3 q 4 d r P q1=12nC q2=-24nC q3=31nC q4=17nC  q=36 x 10 -9 C V=350 Volts (check the arithmetic!!)

74. An Example finite line of charge d r x dx P At P Using table of integrals What about a rod that goes from –L to +L??

75. Example z R Which was the result we obtained earlier disk  =charge per unit area

76. In the figure, point P is at the center of the rectangle. With V = 0 at infinity, what is the net electric potential in terms of q/d at P due to the six charged particles?

77. Continuing s 1 23 4 56 HRW gets 8.49 … one of us is right!

78. Derive an expression in terms of q2/a for the work required to set up the four-charge configuration in the figure, assuming the charges are initially infinitely far apart. 1 2 3 4