1. EuCARD is co-funded by the European Commission within the Framework Programme 7 under Grant Agreement no 227579. Reach of NC and SC Technologies, 50 … 100 … 200 MV/m? Erk JENSEN, CERN June 2013 EuCARD’13

2. Disclaimer I was asked to give this presentation… …because I’m not an expert! … so don’t expect too much, I’ll try and stay basic. The work is from others, the conclusions are mine EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? 2

3. KEK Press Release Oct 2005 3 EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies?

4. SC: The present world record? 4 EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies?

5. ILC 9-cell cavity 5 EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? ILC Newsline, Nov-2012 ILC RDR: 31.5 MV/m

6. ILC reliable cavity production EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? 6

7. SC: Advances in technology 7 EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? Preparing for EP (inserting cathode) Clean room assembly (JLAB) Photos: Rongli Geng C. Antoine: CAS SC 2013

8. Other superconductors? EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? 8 Material Pb7.20.0848 Nb9.20.20.170.440 NbN16.20.230.0215200 NbTiN16.50.03151 Nb 3 Sn18.30.540.053085 MgB 2 400.430.033.5140 YBCO931.40.01100150 Gurevich, 2007, C. Antoine: CAS SC 2013

9. Multilayers (Gurevich, 2006) EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? 9 cavity Nb I-S-I-S- outside C. Antoine: CAS SC 2013 How to delay vortex penetration? Image from Gurevich’s SRF2007 presentation

10. Multilayers – 1 st RF tests, 3.9 GHz 10 EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? Accelerator cavities' operating range 3.88 GHz => R BCS ~ 9 x R (1.3 GHz) C. Antoine: CAS SC 2013

11. Conclusion SC EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? 11

12. NC structures “classical” limit 12 EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? f in GHz, Ec in MV/m Normal conducting, on Cu These limits are now known to be wrong – better models exist

13. NC – state of the art, 2000 13 EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies?

14. … but: too many sparks … but: too many sparks 14 EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? half pulse length double pulse length nominal pulse length … this is quite a hard limit:

15. … quite a hard limit! 15 EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? half pulse length double pulse length nominal pulse length The rapid increase of the breakdown rate indicates some drastic changes near the surface!

16. CLIC accelerating structures  Target 100 MV/m accelerating gradient  This target is reached – at the correct BDR and with correct pulse length! EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? 16 W. Wuensch: 7 th LC School, 2012

17. Achieved accelerating gradients 17 EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? W. Wuensch: 7 th LC School, 2012

18. What limits the acc. gradient? EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? 18 W. Wuensch: 7 th LC School, 2012

19. This allows optimization EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? 19 W. Wuensch: 7 th LC School, 2012

20. Overall CLIC optimization 20 EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? High-power RF optimum aperture: /λ = 0.1…0.12 Why X-band ? Crossing gives optimum frequency FoM =L bx /N · η BD RF From beam dynamics: optimum aperture = 2.6 mm A. Grudiev, Structure Optimization

21. Materials/heat treatments 21 EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? TD18#3 at SLAC TD18#2 at KEK Disk stacking

22. Evolution of high precision machining 22 EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? Up to the 1980’s1980’s - 1990’s2000’s - 2010’s Larger machines Multiple axis ( X/Y/Z and C) Future ? Intelligent machines ? Robotisation ? Pallet machining? Robotisation ? First machines at research institutes and universities Start of industrialization Optical recording contact lenses Single point diamond turning Up to the 1990’s1990’s - 2000’s2010’sFuture ? Ultra precision diamond milling (lagging more than a decade behind on turning) Limited to fly cutting mirror optics Laser scanner mirrors First proto type machines Micro fluidics Accelerator parts Milling as add-on on lathes Lens arrays Intra ocular lenses

23. High precision machining, surface finish 23 EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? Metrology mark

24. CLIC Power needs 24 EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? CLIC Nominal, loaded CLIC Nominal, unloaded

25. Beam Loading – allows efficiency! 25 EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? full beam loading – optimum efficiencychoice for CLIC main beam eta acceleration

26. Conclusion NC  Tremendous progress has been made in material science, fabrication and joining techniques with NC accelerating structures.  CLIC – the state of the art!  The goal of 100 MV/m loaded gradient, with correct pulse length and BDR, has been demonstrated  In individual cells, 150 MV/m are regularly reached.  The breakdown rate is a very steep function of the field – an indication that something drastic happens near the metal surface when operating close to the limit  The latter needs deeper study to find mitigation eventually! EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? 26

27. Conclusion EuCARD'13, CERN, 10-Jun-2013Reach of NC and SC Technologies? 27