1. Categories Of Behavior UnconditionedConditioned Voluntary or operant Looking Babbling Crawling Reading Writing Fence jumping Involuntary or respondent Pupillary response to bright light GSR response to loud noise GSR when telling a lie Blushing

2. IVAN PAVLOV

3. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Context of embarrassing situation ->  blushing Odor of food that once made you sick ->  nausea Sight of parent while raiding cookie jar ->  fear

4. Thorndike’s Puzzle Box

5. B.F. Skinner 1904-1990

6. Pigeon in Operant Chamber

8. “SKINNER” BOX

9. Animal Learning Lab-200C Schermerhorn Hall

12. Instrumental Conditioning Doing chores ->  money Doing chores ->  praise Telling a lie to avoid blame ->  avoidance Putting on a coat to remove -> removal chill Getting a speeding ticket -> punishment

13. Basic Conditioning Procedures Instrumental conditioning – Type R conditioning – Operant conditioning – Trial and Error Learning Pavlovian Conditioning –Type S Conditioning –Respondent Conditioning

14. Type S vs. Type R Conditioning

15. LAW OF EFFECT Thorndike: Responses that are followed by pleasurable effect is stamped in; responses followed by unpleasurable (painful events) are stamped out. Skinner: Rate of emitting responses that are followed by a positive reinforcer is increased; by a negative reinforcer is decreased. Thorndike: Responses trained by trial and error. Skinner: Responses shaped by method of successive approximation.

16. TYPES OF REINFORCERS Positive primary [S +R ] food, drink, odors secondary [S +r ] approval, money Negative Primary[S -R ]loud noise, shock, bright light Secondary[S -r ]angry look, bad grade, fine

17. INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING (Type R) 2-term contingency: response -> reinforcement R -> S R (bar press) -> (food) Nature of reinforcer can vary: Positive - S +R, S +r Negative - S -R, S -r Primary - S +R, S -R Secondary - S +r, S -r

18. CONTINGENCIES OF REINFORCEMENT: R-> S +R Reward training (primary reinforcement) R-> S -R Punishment (primary reinforcement) R-> S +r Positive secondary reinforcement R-> S -r Negative secondary reinforcement R removes S -R Escape training R postpones S -R Avoidance training R -> S R Omission training

19. Is Punishment Effective?

20. Two-term contingency is typically “occasioned” by a discriminative stimulus (S D ) S D : R -> S R light: bar press -> food no light: bar press -> no food Nature of discrimative stimuli can vary: –exteroceptive –proprioceptive –interoceptive

21. FUNCTIONS OF A STIMULUS: Eliciting(US->UR, C->CR) Reinforcing (S + R, S -R, S +r, S -r ) Discriminative(S D : R->S R ; S : R S R )

22. Discriminative Operant: S D : R  S R S : R S R

23. Types Of Discriminative Stimuli Exteroceptive: Stimuli generated by sensory organs. Proprioceptive: Stimuli generated by muscles and tendons, e.g., doing something by “feel” - knowing where you are in the dark Interoceptive: Stimuli generated by internal organs; that are innervated by the autonomic nervous system.

24. S n -3 : R n -3  S n -2 : R n -2  S n -1 : R n -1  S n : R n  S turn approach seize press Skinner’s Theory of Chaining r/DD R

25. Stimuli used in Hull’s experiment on concept formation

31. Schedules Of Reinforcement Number (Ratio) n responses  S R Time (Interval) First response after t seconds S R

32. Basic Schedules: Fixed Ratio (FR) Variable Ratio (VR) Fixed Interval (FI) Variable Interval (VI)

33. Skinner Box

34. Cumulative Record no responsesconstant rate accelerating

36. Skinner’s “Theory” Of Instrumental Conditioning Two-term contingency: R  S R Nature of reinforcer can vary: R  S [S +R, S r, S -R, S - r ]. 3-term contingency (Discriminative operant) S D : R  S R (light: bar press  food) S  : R  S R (no light: bar press  food) Chaining of discriminative operants: Nature of discriminative stimulus can vary: exteroceptive interoceptive proprioceptive S n-3 :R n-3  S n-2 :R n-2  S n-1 :R n-1  S n :R n  S r/DD R

37. Skinner’s “Theory” (cont.) Contingency of reinforcement can vary: R  S ±R(r) Schedule of reinforcement can vary: R n/t  S ±R –subject must emit n responses within a particular time frame t. Verbal Behavior. Behavior that is reinforced by a member of one’s verbal community. Private events. Discriminative responding to proprioceptive or interoceptive stimuli (stimuli under our skin). S d : r  S r or S d : r  S r.

38. Pascal: “The heart has reason that reason will never know.” Descartes: “I think, therefore I am.”

39. Skinner [& Freud (& Terrace)] On Consciousness Consciousness is a proper subject matter for psychology but it is not an explanation of behavior. It is what has to be explained (e.g., Tom hit Bill because Tom felt angry). –Why did Tom feel angry? –How did Tom know he was angry? Consciousness vs. Awareness: –Animals are aware of objects (but only fleetingly). –Humans are conscious of objects (because they can name them).

40. Skinner [& Freud (& Terrace)] on Consciousness (Con’t.) Consciousness develops because it enhances the social fabric of the verbal community. It provides us with a sense of “other minds”, another person’s hunger, pain, fear, rage, sadness, truthfulness, etc. In this sense, consciousness is adaptive. –Internal states are inferred by adult (“You seem hungry.”) Feedback about private events is not as precise as feedback for tacting public events. Discriminative control of inner states (tacting) becomes autonomous with experience.

41. Verbal Behavior Verbal Behavior. Behavior that is reinforced by a member of one’s verbal community. Mands (“demands”), a 2-term contingency: verbal response  S R [”baba”  bottle] Tacts - [tactus (Latin, “to point”)], a 3-term contingency: -S D : verbal response  S r [Sight of Tom’s apple]: Mary: “May I please have an apple?”  Tom gives Mary an apple.]

42. Verbal Behavior (con’t.) Examples of discriminative control of verbal behavior: –echoic behavior: *Mother says [“dog”]: “dog”  “good” –textual behavior: *Printed word [dog]: “dog”  “good” –transcription: *Write the word [d-o-g]: d-o-g  “good” –intraverbal responses: *Printed word [c-h-I-e-n]: “dog”  “bien” *“How are you?”: “Fine thanks”  “good” *Printed letters [Na]: “sodium”  “good” *“3 x 3”: “9”  “good”