1. POWERPOINT ® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by LYNN CIALDELLA, MA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOURTH EDITION DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN UNIT 2 PART C 10 Sensory Physiology

2. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Ear: Hearing Loss  Conductive  No transmission through either external or middle ear  Central  Damage to neural pathway between ear and cerebral cortex or to cortex itself  Sensorineural  Damage to structures of inner ear

3. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-23a Anatomy Summary: The Vestibular Apparatus Vestibular apparatus provides information about movement and position in space

4. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy Summary: The Vestibular Apparatus Figure 10-23b

5. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy Summary: The Vestibular Apparatus Figure 10-23c

6. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-23d Anatomy Summary: The Vestibular Apparatus

7. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-24 Rotational Forces in the Cristae The semicircular canals sense rotational acceleration

8. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-25a Otolith Organs The otolith organs sense linear acceleration and head position

9. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-25b Otolith Organs

10. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-26 The Ear: Equilibrium Central nervous system pathways for equilibrium

11. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Eye and Vision  Light enters the eye  Focused on retina by the lens  Photoreceptors transduce light energy  Electrical signal  Processed through neural pathways

12. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-27 External Anatomy of the Eye

13. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-28a Anatomy Summary: The Eye

14. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-28b Anatomy Summary: The Eye

15. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-29a Vision: Neural Pathways for Vision and the Pupillary Reflex

16. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-29b Vision: Neural Pathways for Vision and the Pupillary Reflex

17. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-29c Vision: Neural Pathways for Vision and the Pupillary Reflex

18. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vision: The Pupil  Light enters the eye through the pupil  Size of the pupil modulates light  Photoreceptors  Shape of lens focuses the light  Pupillary reflex  Standard part of neurological examination

19. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-30a Refraction of Light

20. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-30b Refraction of Light

21. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-31a Optics

22. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-31b Optics

23. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-31c Optics

24. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-32a Mechanism of Accommodation Accommodation is the process by which the eye adjusts the shape of the lens to keep objects in focus

25. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mechanism of Accommodation Figure 10-32b

26. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mechanism of Accommodation Figure 10-32c

27. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-33a Common Visual Defects

28. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-33b Common Visual Defects

29. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-34 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

30. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-35d Anatomy Summary: The Retina

31. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-36 Vision: Phototransduction Image projection onto the retina

32. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-37 Vision: Photoreceptors Rods and cones Color-blindness results from a defect in one or more of the three types of cone

33. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-39 Vision: Phototransduction in Rods cGMP levels high Transducin (G protein) Pigment epithelium cell Inactive rhodopsin (opsin and retinal) (a)In darkness, rhodopsin is inactive, cGMP is high, and ion channels are open. Disk Na + K+K+ Membrane potential in dark = -40mV Tonic release of neurotransmitter onto bipolar neurons Neurotransmitter release decreases in proportion to amount of light. Membrane hyperpolarizes to -70 mV. Light Activated retinal Decreased cGMP Opsin (bleached pigment) Activates transducin Cascade (c)In the recovery phase, retinal recombines with opsin. Retinal converted to inactive form Retinal recombines with opsin to form rhodopsin. (b)Light bleaches rhodopsin. Opsin decreases cGMP, closes Na + channels, and hyperpolarizes the cell. Na + Na + channel closes K+K+

34. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-39 (1 of 3) Vision: Phototransduction in Rods cGMP levels high Transducin (G protein) Pigment epithelium cell Inactive rhodopsin (opsin and retinal) (a)In darkness, rhodopsin is inactive, cGMP is high, and ion channels are open. Disk Na + K+K+ Membrane potential in dark = -40mV Tonic release of neurotransmitter onto bipolar neurons

35. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-39 (2 of 3) Vision: Phototransduction in Rods cGMP levels high Transducin (G protein) Pigment epithelium cell Inactive rhodopsin (opsin and retinal) (a)In darkness, rhodopsin is inactive, cGMP is high, and ion channels are open. Disk Na + K+K+ Membrane potential in dark = -40mV Tonic release of neurotransmitter onto bipolar neurons Neurotransmitter release decreases in proportion to amount of light. Membrane hyperpolarizes to -70 mV. Light Activated retinal Decreased cGMP Opsin (bleached pigment) Cascade (b)Light bleaches rhodopsin. Opsin decreases cGMP, closes Na + channels, and hyperpolarizes the cell. Na + Na + channel closes K+K+ Activates transducin

36. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-39 (3 of 3) Vision: Phototransduction in Rods When light activates rhodopsin, a second-messenger cascade is initiated through transducin cGMP levels high Transducin (G protein) Pigment epithelium cell Inactive rhodopsin (opsin and retinal) (a)In darkness, rhodopsin is inactive, cGMP is high, and ion channels are open. Disk Na + K+K+ Membrane potential in dark = -40mV Tonic release of neurotransmitter onto bipolar neurons Neurotransmitter release decreases in proportion to amount of light. Membrane hyperpolarizes to -70 mV. Light Activated retinal Decreased cGMP Opsin (bleached pigment) Cascade (c)In the recovery phase, retinal recombines with opsin. Retinal converted to inactive form Retinal recombines with opsin to form rhodopsin. (b)Light bleaches rhodopsin. Opsin decreases cGMP, closes Na + channels, and hyperpolarizes the cell. Na + Na + channel closes K+K+ Activates transducin

37. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-40 Ganglion Cell Receptive Fields

38. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 10-41 Visual Fields and Binocular Vision

39. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary  General properties  Four types of sensory receptors  Adequate stimulus, threshold, receptive field, and perceptual threshold  Modality, localization, intensity, and duration  Somatic senses  Four modalities, second sensory neurons, and somatosensory cortex  Nociceptors, spinal reflexes, and pain

40. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary  Chemoreception  Olfaction and taste  The ear: Hearing and equilibrium  The eye and vision  Retina, pupil, ciliary muscle, and photoreceptors