1. Starting, finishing, and styling

2.  Must grab audience attention  Quotation  Story  Rhetorical  Shock  Humor

3.  What is the purpose of the speech  Let audience know why you are giving the speech  What is the topic of the speech  Let audience know what you will be talking about  Don’t be vague  Preview main points  Part of repetition

4.  Motivate audience to accept your goals  Audience must believe topic is relevant, and you are qualified to deliver it  Make topic relevant  Why does your audience care?  If they don’t, show them why they should  Establish credibility  Simply and quickly establish your qualifications  Good guidelines on page 222

5.  Indicate speech is ending  Must let audience know you are wrapping up without saying “in conclusion” (book disagrees with me on this)  Provide closure  Don’t leave any holes or questions unanswered  Restate main points, topic, and purpose  Helps with retention  Challenge audience to respond/take action

6.  Similar to intro  Quotations  Storytelling  Rhetoricals  Must grab and hold attention of audience  Conclusion guidelines on page 228

7.  Write for the ear  Repetition, pacing, cadence, projection  Simplicity  Conciseness  Use contractions  Phrases and fragments  May be grammatically wrong, but effective nonetheless  Repetition and transitions  Personal pronouns

8.  Must find language that provides for shared meaning  Be culturally sensitive and use unbiased language  No stereotypes, sexist, racist, ageist language  Use concrete rather than abstract words  Concrete = Sixty six years old  Abstract = old  Use vivid imagery  Appeal to the audience’s senses

9.  Language that is appropriate for audience and setting  Time, place, audience demographics  Use accurately  If you don’t know a word or phrase, look it up. If you are at all concerned, look it up anyway  Words that convey confidence and conviction  Active not passive voice  I language… don’t equivocate

10.  Repetition  Provides rhythm, pacing, and allows for reinforcement  Alliteration  Poetic quality  Parallelism  Use similar structure to create consistency, increase understanding, and increase retention