1. Economic Issues & the Roots of Progressivism 1890-1920

2. The Gilded Age  Laissez-Faire capitalism  “Robber Barons”  Carnegie (Steel)  Rockefeller (Oil)  Morgan (Banking)  Vanderbilt (Railroads)  The haves and the have-nots

3. Economic Ups & Downs  Depression of 1893  High unemployment  Panic of 1907  Bank failures; tight credit  Scrip  World War I  Mobilization  Demobilzation

4. Labor Unrest  Homestead Strike (1892)  Carnegie Steel  Coxey’s Army (1894)  Unemployed march on Washington, D.C.  Pullman Strike (1894)  Railway cars; Eugene Debs  Coal Strike (1902)  Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”

5.  1905-present  Socialist  “The Wobblies”  Industrial, as opposed to craft

6. The Tariff  Protectionism v. Free Trade  McKinley Tariff Act (1890)  Protectionist  Contributed to Depression of 1893  Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act (1909)  Showed difficulty in lowering tariffs; led to split among Republicans  Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act (1913)  Reduced tariff rates  Wilson’s “New Freedom”

7. Income Taxes  Most of history, US government relies on tariff for income  Made Constitutional by 16 th Amendment (1913)  Progressive (graduated) tax  First introduced in Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act  1% if over $4,000  7% if over $500,000

8. The Federal Reserve System  Banking sector in need of greater regulation  Federal Reserve Act of 1913  12 Regions  Owned by commercial banks through stock  Discount rate/money supply

9. The Emerging Middle Class  Managerial class  Between the haves and the have-nots  Appalled at behavior of rich  Frightened by behavior of poor  Something needs to be done!

10. What is Progressivism?  Desire for change  Reform is possible - Rejection of Social Darwinism (although still subject to similar biases)  Government must intervene

11. Roots of Progressivism  Response to Industrialization  Created some rich, but left many poor  Child labor  Women in workforce  Fouling of environment  Dangers of cities  Plight of farmers

12. Roots of Progressivism  Populism  Farmers Alliances  Labor Unions  William Jennings Bryan  Moral call for fair treatment

13. Roots of Progressivism  Rise of Scientific Study  Belief that social problems could be solved by applying scientific methods  Need to collect data  Experiments

14. Roots of Progressivism  Religious revivalism  The “evils” of modern society  Alcohol  Gambling  Sex  Decline of family cohesion  Political radicalism

15. Who Were Progressives?  Middle Class  Northern  Educated  They knew better  Solving problems for poor rather than with poor  Influential

16. Methods  Scientific Study  Exposé  Muckraking  Lectures  Publishing  Lobbying  Elections

17. Industry  Antitrust Laws  Minimum Wage  Safety  Work Week  Women  Child Labor  Consumer Protection Photo by Lewis Hine

18. Urban Life  Poverty  Public Health  Immigration  Education  Building Codes  Crime  Corruption Photo by Jacob Riis

19. Women’s Issues  Suffrage  The vote  Morality  Safety  Birth Control Photo Library of Congress

20. Conservation  Pollution  Fitness  Outdoors  Public Parks  National Parks Photo Library of Congress

21. Other Areas of Interest  Sin  Alcohol  Prostitution  Racial Issues  Lynchings  Taxation