1. Maps Section 1 Bellringer Everyone uses maps. Some maps are very formal with lots of detail, compass points, and drawn to perfect scale. Some maps are just useful memories you use to know the quickest way to class or to the cafeteria. Draw a map from your house to one of your favorite places. Clearly label all landmarks, and include information that might be useful to someone using the map. Draw your map in your science journal. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

2. Maps Section 1 Objectives Explain how a magnetic compass can be used to find directions on Earth. Explain the difference between true north and magnetic north. Compare latitude and longitude. Explain how latitude and longitude is used to locate places on Earth. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

3. Maps Section 1 What Does Earth Really Look Like? Mapping the Earth Before modern technology, maps reflected only how people at ground level saw the world. Today, we use satellite imagery to accurately map the Earth. Earth’s Shape Over time, ideas about Earth’s shape have changed. In ancient times, many people believed the Earth was flat. Today we know the Earth is a sphere. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

4. Maps Section 1 Finding Direction on Earth Cardinal Direction Cardinal directions are north, south, east, and west. Using a Compass Magnetic compasses are used to find direction on Earth’s surface. A compass needle points to the magnetic north pole. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

5. Maps Section 1 Finding Direction on Earth continued True North and Magnetic Declination True north is the direction to the geographic North Pole. The magnetic north pole may change over time. Magnetic declination is the difference between true north and magnetic north. Using Magnetic Declination Magnetic declination has been determined for different points on Earth. Using your area’s declination, you can find true north with a compass. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

6. North and South Poles Section 1 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

7. Maps Section 1 Finding Locations on the Earth Latitude Lines of latitude run east and west. Longitude Lines of longitude run north and south through the poles. Using Latitude and Longitude Latitude and longitude help you find locations on a map or a globe. These lines cross and form a grid system on globes and maps. Latitude and longitude lines are shown on the next two slides. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

8. Longitude Section 1 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

9. Latitude Section 1 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

10. Mapping the Earth’s Surface Section 2 Bellringer Compare the world map, the state map, and the community map. Make a chart of the similarities and differences between each map. You might use the world map to plan a big trip, or to look up a place you heard of on the news. Can you think of three uses for each kind of map? How could you improve each of these maps? What would make them easier for you to use? Record your answers in your science journal. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

11. Mapping the Earth’s Surface Section 2 Objectives Explain why maps of the Earth show distortion. Describe four types of map projections. Identify five pieces of information that should be shown on a map. Describe four methods modern mapmakers use to make accurate maps. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

12. Mapping the Earth’s Surface Section 2 A Flat Sphere? Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Map Projections Mapmakers use map projections to move the image of Earth’s curved surface onto a flat surface. Three main types of projections are used to show Earth’s surface on a flat map: cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal projections. Cylindrical Projection A map projection that is made when the contents of the globe are moved onto a cylinder of paper is called a cylindrical projection. End of Slide

13. Mapping the Earth’s Surface Section 2 A Flat Sphere? continued Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Conic Projection A map projection that is made by moving the contents of the globe onto a cone is a conic projection. Azimuthal Projection An azimuthal projection is a map projection that is made by moving the contents of the globe onto a flat plane. Equal-Area Projection Equal-area maps are used to show the area of a piece of land in relation to the area of other landmasses and oceans. End of Slide

14. Mapping the Earth’s Surface Section 2 Information Shown on Maps Map Necessities Maps should contain a title, a scale, a legend, a compass rose, and a date. Other Information Depending on the purpose of the map, it may also depict roads, landmarks, physical features, and so on. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

15. Mapping the Earth’s Surface Section 2 Modern Mapmaking Remote Sensing and Satellites Satellites can take photographs and detect energy that your eyes cannot see. The information is then used to make maps. Remote Sensing Using Radar Radar is a tool that uses waves of energy to map Earth’s surface. The distance and the speed in which the waves travel to the area and back are measured and analyzed to create a map of the area. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

16. Mapping the Earth’s Surface Section 2 Modern Mapmaking continued Global Positioning System The Global positioning system is a system of satellites that can help you determine your location no matter where you are. Geographic Information System Geographical information systems are computerized systems that allow people to store and use many types of data about an area. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

17. Topographic Maps Section 3 Bellringer Examine the topographic map shown in Figure 16. Imagine you are standing on the top of Campbell Hill. Describe what you see in each direction. What features of a topographic map help you imagine the landscape around Campbell Hill? Write your responses in your science journal. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

18. Topographic Maps Section 3 Objectives Explain how contour lines show elevation and landforms on a map. Explain how the relief of an area determines the contour interval used on a map. List the rules of contour lines. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

19. Topographic Maps Section 3 Elements of Elevation Contour Lines Contour lines are used to show elevation and landforms by connecting points of equal elevation. Contour Interval The contour interval is determined by the relief of an area. Index Contour An index contour is a darker, heavier contour line that is usually every fifth line and that is labeled by elevation. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

20. Topographic Maps Section 3 Reading a Topographic Map Characteristics of a Topographic Map Topographic maps use symbols and colors to represent parts of the Earth’s surface. In general, buildings, roads, bridges, and railroads are black. Contour lines are brown. Major highways are red. Bodies of water are blue. Cities are pink, and wooded areas are green. The Golden Rules of Contour Lines Contour lines never cross. Contour lines that cross a valley or a stream are V shaped and point upstream. The tops of hills, mountains, and depressions are shown by closed circles. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Slide

21. Maps as Models of the Earth Chapter 2 Concept Map Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Use the following terms to complete the concept map on the next slide: scale, projections, maps, Azimuthal, legend.

22. Concept Map Chapter 2 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

23. Concept Map Chapter 2 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.