1. Today Pick up a handout Schedule Wrap up immunity Bacteria notes
Start microscope lab

2. Bacteria - Kingdom Monera

3. Objectives Eubacteria vs. Archaebacteria Typical bacteria structure
Bacterial classification
How bacteria obtain genetic variation
Uses and harmful effects of bacteria

4. History of Life

6. III. Kingdom Archaea “bacteria”
Have no peptidoglycan in their cell wall
more closely related to eukaryotes (ribosomes)
Different lipid composition in plasma membranes
Live in harsh climates
Methanogens – oxygen-free environment like intestines, swamps, sewers (produce methane gas)
Thermophiles – hot environments – undersea volcanic vents, hot springs
Halophiles – salty environments – Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea
Acidophiles – live in extreme pH

7. Bacterial Respiration
Obligate aerobes – organisms that require a constant supply of oxygen in order to live. EX: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis.
Obligate anaerobes – do not require oxygen; some may be killed by O2! EX: Clostridium botulinum, found in soil and can grown in canned food causing fatal food poisoning.
Facultative anaerobes – can survive with or without O2. EX: E. coli, can live in the large intestines contaminated water.

8. Respiration Obligate Anaerobe Microaerophile Obligate Aerobe
Facultative
Anaerobe
Aerotolerant

9. Eubacteria Prokaryotic (no nucleus) – larger than viruses
Peptidoglycan in
cell wall
Can be decomposers

10. Other structures
Capsule – outer layer made of polysaccharide or protein, used for adhesion
Fimbriae – specialized pili for attachment
Plasmid – extra circular pieces of DNA

11. Classified by Nutrition Movement Shape
How they colonize (clusters, pairs, etc)
Cell wall composition
Production of endospores

12. Nutrition
Photoautotrophic – photosynthetic, use sunlight for energy, CO2 for carbon (cyanobacteria, algae, plants)
Chemoautotrophic – use inorganic compounds as electron donor for energy, uses CO2 for carbon (some prokaryotes)
Photoheterotrophic – sunlight generates ATP, must get carbon from organic molecules (some prokaryotes)
Chemoheterotroph – energy and carbon must come from organic compounds (most organisms including prokaryotes)

13. Bacillus - rods
Coccus - round
Sprillium - spirals

14. (Chains)
(Clusters)

16. Gram Stain

17. Classified by Gram Stain Gram Positive
1 cell wall of glycoproteins & lipid
Stains PURPLE because stain penetrates the single wall
Gram Negative
Has 2nd outer layer – prevents stain from penetrating (Purple stain washes off)
New RED stain applied and sticks
Resistant to antibiotics

18. Endospore – protects the cell against harsh environmental conditions, such as heat and drought. May allow the bacterium to survive for thousands of years.

19. Today
Have out:
Bacteria notes
Lab Diagram Sheet

20. Objectives Eubacteria vs. Archaebacteria Typical bacteria structure
Bacterial classification
How bacteria obtain genetic variation
Uses and harmful effects of bacteria

21. Genetic Diversity in Prokaryotes
Rapid reproduction
Binary Fission
Mutation
1 in 10 million chance of a mutation in each gene
This leads to 9 million mutations in the E. coli present in your intestine
Genetic recombination
Transformation – taking up of foreign DNA
Transduction – From bacteriophages
Conjugation

22. Growth & Reproduction
Binary Fission – bacterium doubles in size, it replicates its DNA and divides in half.

23. Transformation

24. Transduction

25. Conjugation F (fertility) plasmid – has genes for creating sex pili
R (resistance) plasmid – contains antibiotic resistance genes

26. Major groups of bacteria
Cyanobacteria - photosynthetic
Chemosynthetic bacteria – nitrifying
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria – live in nodules on plant roots
Spirochetes – coiled, move in corkscrew motion, internal flagella

27. Cyanobacteria – blue-green algae

28. Non-oxygenic photosynthesis
Bacteriochlorophylls
H2S provide electrons
Only 1 photosystem (PSI)
Cyclic photophosphorylation

29. Importance of Bacteria
Nutrient cycles
Decomposition
Oxygen production
Food – baking & beverages
Clean up oil spills, rivers & streams
Make drugs
Aid in digestion

30. Bacteria & Disease
Pathogen – bacteria that cause disease or a disease causing agent.
Exotoxins – toxic proteins secreted by bacterial cells, includes some of the most potent poisons known.
Clostridium botulinum – one gram of the exotoxin that causes botulism could kill 1,000,000 people!
Staphylococcus aureus – harmless, found on skin; if it enters the body through a wound it can cause layers of skin to slough off, vomiting, severe diarrhea & deadly toxic shock syndrome.

31. Bacteria & Disease
Endotoxins – are NOT secretions; but components of cell walls in bacteria: glycolipids, which are large molecular complexes of polysaccharides & lipids.
All endotoxins induce the same general symptoms: fever, aches and sometimes a dangerous drop in blood pressure (shock).
Salmonella – produces endotoxins that cause food poisoning & typhoid fever.

32. Antibiotics
Antibiotics are drugs that combat bacteria by interfering with various cellular functions
Some bacteria are antibiotic-resistant and destroy antibiotics, or prevent entry of the antibiotic into the cytoplasm.

33. Microscope Lab Columns Look at Name Diagram Visible structures
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
Look at
Bacteria
Bacilli, cocci, spirilla
2 other bacterial slides of your choice
Protist
Pick 5 of them