2. The Circulatory System Notes

3. Functions of the Circulatory System Brings blood containing oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells Transports CO 2 and other wastes away from cells

4. Fights infection Regulates body temperature Helps stabilize pH and ionic concentration of body fluids (homeostasis) Functions Continued

5. Circulatory System Components Heart Blood Vessels Arteries Veins Capillaries

6. The Heart

7. Heart Function & Anatomy Heart Anatomy Intro Film Heart Anatomy Intro Film

8. The Heart A muscular pump Moves blood through the body Is suspended in the pericardial sac Composed of four chambers Divided into right and left halves Made up of cardiac muscle cells Aorta Left pulmonary artery Left atrium Left pulmonary veins Left ventricle Superior vena cava Right pulmonary veins Right atrium Right ventricle Inferior vena cava

9. Pericardium Protective sac of connective tissue Surrounds the heart Filled with fluid

10. Myocardium The muscle of the heart Strong and thick Composed of spontaneously contracting cardiac muscle fibers Can conduct electricity like nerves It’s blood supply comes from the coronary arteries Myocardium (heart muscle) shown in red Epicardium (Outer surface of myocardium) Endocardium (Inner surface of myocardium)

11. Structures of the Heart Chambers Atria- (2) upper chambers Thin walled Receive blood from veins Send blood to ventricles Ventricles- (2) lower chambers Thick walled Receive blood from atria Pump blood out through arteries Septum Wall that divides heart into right and left halves

12. Structures of the Heart Valves Prevent backflow of blood Keep blood moving in one direction Between the chambers At junctions of artery and chamber Tricuspid valve Pulmonary veins Mitral valve Left atrium Pulmonary valve Aortic valve Right atrium Valves seen from above Chordea tendinea Pulmonary valve

13. Structures of the Heart Chordae tendinease “Heart strings” Cord-like tendons Connect papillary muscles to tricuspid and mitral valves Prevent inversion of valve Papillary muscles Small muscles that anchor the cords Papillary muscle

15. Cardiac Cycle Refers to all of the events from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next heart beat When cardiac muscle contracts it does so as a single unit, creating a heart beat One heartbeat - a cardiac cycle - consists of two parts called systole and diastole

16. Cardiac Cycle Diastole is the period of time when the heart relaxes after contraction Oxygenated blood from the lungs fills the left atrium Deoxygenated blood from other parts of the body fills the right atrium. At the end of the diastole, the atria contract, starting the Systole

17. Cardiac Cycle Atrial systole is the contraction of the heart muscle of the left and right atria. Both atria contract at the same time, sending blood into the corresponding ventricle Ventricular systole is the contraction of the muscles of the left and right ventricles, which contract at the same time. The term systole is synonymous with contraction of a muscle.

18. Cardiac Cycle During systole the ventricles contract, forcing the blood into the pulmonary artery to be re-oxygenated in the lungs, and into the aorta for systemic distribution of oxygenated blood

19. Two normal heart sounds with each heart beat described as a….. Heart Sounds “Lub”- sound- due to closure of the atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid) “Dub”- sound- due to closure of the aortic valve and pulmonary valve

20. Cardiac Cycle Heart Rate - count of each heart beat On average, a heart beats 72 times a minute when at rest Usually it is calculated as number of contractions of heart (heart beats) in one minute and expressed as "beats per minute" (bpm). The pulse is the most straightforward way of measuring the heart rate Heart rate is controlled by nervous system Hearse on an emergency

21. Cardiac Cycle Resting heart rate can be significantly lower in athletes Sympathetic division increases heart rate Parasympathetic division decreases heart rate Heart rate increases when more food and oxygen are needed by the cells, or when under stress

22. Cardiac Cycle An electrocardiogram abbreviated as EKG or ECG is a test that measures the electrical activity of the heartbeat or one cardiac cycle.

23. Heart Transplant video video

24. Blood Pressure Blood pressure is most commonly measured via a sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) It uses the height of a column of mercury to reflect the circulating pressure Average blood pressure for an adult is 120/80

25. Blood Pressure Blood pressure refers to the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels The pressure of the circulating blood decreases as blood moves through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

26. Blood Pressure Systolic pressure is defined as the maximum pressure in the arteries exerted during ventricular contraction (which occurs near the beginning of the cardiac cycle) Diastolic pressure is the minimum pressure exerted when ventricles relax and fill (at the resting phase or end of the cardiac cycle) Blood pressure readings = S/D

27. Blood Pressure Vasoconstriction is narrowing of a blood vessel. When a blood vessel constricts, the flow of blood is restricted or slowed. Blood pressure will increase Vasodilatation is where blood vessels in the body become wider following relaxation of smooth muscle in vessel wall. This will reduce blood pressure - since there is more room for the blood. and

28. Blood Pressure Pressure waves move through the blood vessels A person's pulse is the throbbing of their arteries as an effect of the pressure waves (heart beat) Pulse is used to denote the frequency of the heart beat It can be felt at neck, wrist, and other places Pulse is usually measured in beats per minute.. In most people, the pulse is an accurate measure of heart rate.

29. More cells Constriction of blood vessel walls

31. Blood Pressure What is your heart rate? What is your heart rate? Measure at the left side of the esophagus Measure at the left side of the esophagus Count for 15 seconds and multiply by 4 Count for 15 seconds and multiply by 4 How can you change it? How can you change it? What is your blood pressure? What is your blood pressure? Use the sphygnomonometer in groups Use the sphygnomonometer in groups

33. Cardiac Conduction System

35. Why don’t the atria and ventricles contract at the same time? Inefficient…. Blood would not be moved in one direction, some would flow backwards

36. Includes: SA node AV node Bundle of His Purkinje fibers

37. Cardiac Conduction System Sinoatrial Node (SA node) Located high on the right atrium. Pacemaker of the heart. Causes the wave of contractions in the atria. Sending blood into the ventricles

38. Cardiac Conduction System Atrioventricular Node (AV node) Located in the interatrial septum close to the tricuspid valve Carries the electrical impulse from the SA node to fiber bundles in the ventricles. This causes the ventricles to contract The location of nerve fiber bundles cause the ventricles to contract from the apex (bottom) up squeezing blood up and out

41. Pathway of Circulation Oxygen-poor blood from body found in right side of heart Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs found in the left side of heart

42. Pulmonary Circuit Systemic Circuit Lung Pulmonary vein Aorta Left atrium Left ventricle Pulmonary artery Right atrium Right ventricle Vena cava oxygen-poor blood oxygen-rich blood Cardiovascular Circuits

43. Pathway of Circulation Arteries branch into smaller and smaller vessels (arterioles) They eventually become capillaries, which supply blood to all body parts Capillaries merge into (venuoles) which join into veins and carry blood back to the heart. Nutrients pass into tissues Waste products filter back Blood pumped out of heart into arteries, which branch into smaller and smaller vessels until blood flows into capillaries Blood returns to the heart through the veins Heart Capillary network

44. Pulmonary Circulation Takes place on the right side of the heart. Pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs to pick up oxygen and return to heart

45. Systemic Circulation Takes place on left side of heart Oxygenated blood is pumped to the body cells thru the aorta and other arteries Blood low in oxygen returns to the heart

46. Coronary Circulation Although blood fills the chambers of the heart, the muscle tissue of the heart is so thick that it requires coronary blood vessels to deliver blood deep into the myocardium. The coronary circulation consists of the blood vessels that supply blood to, and remove blood from the heart muscle itself.

47. The vessels that supply blood high in oxygen to the myocardium are known as coronary arteries.

48. Bill Nye Video Heart Heart

50. Blood Vessels Form a closed circuit of tubes that carry blood throughout the body Laid end to end, the blood vessels in an average human body will stretch approximately 62,000 miles……2.5 times around the earth

51. Blood Vessels Have characteristic features Are distinguished by size, tissue layers and direction of blood flow

52. Blood Vessels Arteries Receive blood from ventricles Take blood away from the heart Usually carry oxygenated blood Thickest vessel walls Withstand greater blood pressure Are very elastic Connect to capillaries Aorta is the largest artery

53. Blood Vessels Veins Transport blood away from capillaries Carry blood toward heart Take blood to atria Have valves Thinner vessel walls with less smooth muscles than arteries Can stretch a great deal Have larger diameters Usually carry de-oxygenated blood Vena cava is the largest vein

54. Blood Vessels The contraction of muscles compressing veins helps push blood up through the leg veins back to the heart. The valves allow the blood to flow towards the heart only. Calf muscle relaxed Calf muscle contracts Muscle squeezes veins Veins constrict; blood moves; valves open Veins dialated; blood still; valves closed Valves OPEN Valves CLOSED

55. Blood Vessels Capillaries Smallest of blood vessels Only one cell thick (epithelial cell) Connect arteries to veins Bring oxygen and nutrients to cells Removes CO 2, urea, and other wastes from cells Where blood is under low pressure and moving slowly

56. A network of capillaries runs close to the cells in every part of the body. The capillaries have very thin walls which allows nutrients to diffuse through into the tissues and waste products to filter back into the capillaries. Arteriole Venule Tissue cells Vein Artery capillaries Capillaries

58. Circulatory Song video video

60. Blood The life stream of the body, affecting every cell and system we have. The blood is an accumulation of many different elements, each working in a specific way to keep us alive.

61. Blood A circulating connective tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma.

62. Functions of blood: Supply oxygen to tissues Supply nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and fatty acids to tissues Removal of wastes such as CO 2, urea and lactic acid from tissues Immunological functions, including circulation of white cells, and detection of foreign material by antibodies

63. Functions of blood continued: Messenger functions, including transport of hormones and signaling of tissue Coagulation, part of body's self-repair mechanism Regulation of core body temperature Regulation of body pH and ion concentrations

64. What percent of your body is blood? How much blood do we contain? On average 4-6 liters We contain about a pint of blood for every 15 pounds of body weight Composition of Blood: What percent of your blood is cellular? What percent of your blood is plasma? 8% 45% 55%

65. Blood What is plasma? A clear, straw colored fluid What percent of plasma is water? What’s in plasma? Dissolved gasses Vitamins Minerals Salts Nutrients Enzymes Hormones Waste products Plasma proteins 90% Buffy coat leukocytes and platelets (<1% of whole blood) Erythrocytes (45% of whole blood) Plasma (55% of whole blood) Formed elements Layering of blood components in a centrifuged blood sample

66. Blood The cellular components are: red blood cells (erythrocytes) white blood cells (leukocytes) platelets (thrombocytes) Blood cells are formed in bone marrow

67. Blood Red Blood Cell Characteristics (RBC)- Erythrocyte Biconcave disks No nucleus Contain the iron based pigment hemoglobin which binds with oxygen to transport it Life span about 120 days 5 billion/1mL of blood = most numerous Are very small

68. To the right is an artist's drawing showing the biconcave shape of the red blood cell. To the right is a Wright's stained peripheral blood smear under 1000 X magnification. The average size of a red blood cell is 7.2 micrometers in diameter.

69. Blood How RBC’s transport oxygen....Hemoglobin.…the iron containing pigment Hemoglobin makes red blood cells red

70. White Blood Cell Characteristics (WBC)- Leukocyte No definite shape Have nucleus Protect body against infection Life span varies (3 days-a few months) 7,000/1mL of blood Numbers increase if infection is present Larger than RBC’s

71. Blood Types of white blood cells: Monocytes are the largest Neutrophils are the most numerous Lymphocytes are produced by the lymph tissue Basophils release histamines

72. Types of white blood cells: When a cell undergoes apoptosis, programmed cell death, white blood cells called macrophages consume cell debris. The role of a macrophage is to phagocytize (engulf and then digest) cellular debris and pathogens.

73. Blood Platelet Characteristics: Thrombocyte RBC fragments Irregularly shaped No nucleus 150,000-400,000/1mL Life span about 7-11 days Have a sticky surface Responsible for blood clotting (injury healing)

74. Blood This is an actual picture of White Blood Cells, in with some red blood cells. The platelets are stained purple, a T-Lymphocyte white cell is stained green, and a Monocyte white cell is stained gold as seen through a scanning electron microscope.

75. Blood Red blood cells and platelets are the most numerous. Of the leukocytes, neutrophils are the most numerous Lymphocytes are the predominant cell type responsible for immune responses.

76. Blood Clotting Steps in Blood Clotting: platelets clump platelets release thromboblastin thromboblastin produces thrombin thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin fibrin causes a clot Fibrin  Let’s simplify this shall we?

77. Blood Clotting Blood vessel is injured. Platelets clump at the site and produce a substance that produces strands of fibrin. Fibrin strands help to clog the opening or hole in the vessel.

78. Blood Clotting Needed to stop bleeding (hemorrhage)

79. Blood Types ABO Blood Groups: Red blood cell membranes may contain antigens – a substance that triggers an immune response in blood that does not contain the same antigen. Blood plasma may contain antibodies, specialized proteins that bind to non-self antigens to destroy them. It is important to prevent the mixing of red cells that contain an antigen with plasma that contains the corresponding antibody.

80. Antigens

81. Blood Types

82. Type Receive From Donate To Anti- Body Antigen A O AB B A B A + BA + B None A or O Anti - A Neither Both AB O,A,B,AB Anti - B O A or AB B or AB B or O AB,A,B,O Universal Donor Universal Receiver

84. Blood Types Blood Transfusion The process of transferring blood or blood-based products from one person into the circulatory system of another For blood loss due to trauma, surgery, or severe anemia Can be life-saving

85. Blood Types What Happens When Mixing Wrong Blood Type? Antibodies in blood will attack the foreign blood. They will cause the blood cells to clump…. agglutination. Will stop the blood from moving. Circulatory system shuts down

86. Blood Types: Rh Factor An additional antigen found on the surface of red blood cells. Rh + Means that the person carries the antigen. Rh - Means that the person DOES NOT carry the antigen.

87. Blood Types: Rh Factor Percentage of the Population With Each Blood Type Rh+Rh- O38.5%6.5% A34.3%5.7% B8.6%1.4% AB4.3%0.7% The Rh, or rhesus, factor was discovered in 1940 when testing blood with a rhesus monkey. The Rh system was named after rhesus monkeys, since they were initially used in the research to make the antiserum for typing blood samples.

88. Blood Types: Rh Factor Rh-negative Woman and Rh-positive man conceive a child Rh-negative Woman with Rh-positive fetus Cells from Rh-positive fetus enter woman’s bloodstream In the next Rh-positive pregnancy, maternal antibodies attack fetal red blood cells Woman becomes sensitized- antibodies ( ) from to fight Rh-positive blood cells +

89. Who done it lab Blood type lab Blood type lab

90. Circulatory System Disorders Heart Disease Number 2 killer of Canadians 35-74 years old (2007) Number 1 killer of Canadians 85 years old and older (2007)

91. Circulatory System Disorders Heart Disease Risk factors Older age Male gender Cigarette smoking High cholesterol Diabetes Stress Obesity Heredity Physical inactivity High blood pressure Quitting smoking, a healthy diet and exercise may reduce your risk of heart disease Plaque in coronary artery

92. Circulatory System Disorders Atherosclerosis Starts with damage or injury to the inner layer of an artery Fatty deposits called plaque build up in the arteries This causes: Blockage in artery Less flexible vessels High Blood Pressure

93. Circulatory System Disorders Hypertension High Blood Pressure Makes the heart and blood vessels work harder Increases the chance of heart disease, heart attack or stroke

94. Circulatory System Disorders Heart Attack acute myocardial infarction Interruption of oxygen supply to the heart Causes death of the heart muscle Leading cause of death in both men and women Coronary Blockage

95. Circulatory System Disorders Symptoms Chest pain Squeezing or heavy pressure on chest Pain that radiates down left shoulder and arm Shortness of breath Nausea or vomiting Anxiety or Fainting Lightheadedness - dizziness Palpitations (feeling like your heart is beating too fast) Sweating, which may be extreme Heart Attack

96. Circulatory System Disorders Stroke Interruption of oxygen supply to the brain Caused by: A clot in an artery in the brain Breakage of an artery in the brain Causes brain cells to be deprived of oxygen and die

97. Thrombotic stroke blood clot in cerebral artery Hemorrhagic stroke blood vessel ruptures

98. Circulatory System Disorders Embolism occurs when an object (usually a blood clot) migrates from one part of the body (through circulation) and causes a blockage (occlusion) of a blood vessel in another part of the body Thrombosis is the formation of a clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood Thrombosis/Embolism

99. Circulatory System Disorders Hemorrhage is the medical term for bleeding - the loss of blood from the body Hemorrhage generally becomes dangerous, or even fatal, when it causes hypovolemia (low blood volume) or hypotension (low blood pressure). Hematoma- a collection of blood due to internal bleeding (burse) Hemorrhage Gingival Hemorrhage

100. Circulatory System Disorders Hem philia A rare inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot normally The person is missing or has low levels of certain proteins in the blood called clotting factors Usually occurs only in males They suffer prolonged bleeding even with minor injuries Bleeding can occur internally, in joints and muscles, which causes swelling and pain Swelling in left knee joint due to spontaneous bleeding

101. Circulatory System Disorders Anemia A condition where there is an abnormally low number of red blood cells circulating in the body or when the blood does not have enough hemoglobin The body's tissues are being starved of oxygen Most common disorder of the red blood cells, affecting (~) 3.5 million Americans There are different kinds of anemia Iron Deficiency Vitamin Deficiency Hemolytic Anemias Sickle Cell Anemia

102. Circulatory System Disorders Anemia A person with anemia will feel tired, weak, breathless, and dizzy They may have a pale complexion, increased heart rate, low blood pressure, and difficulty concentrating The severity of the symptoms is related to the severity of anemia Iron Deficiency Anemia

103. Circulatory System Disorders Sickle cell trait- The person is carrying the defective gene, but also has some normal hemoglobin Sickle cell anemia- The person has most or all of the normal hemoglobin replaced with the sickle hemoglobin Sickle Cell Disease

104. Circulatory System Disorders Valvular Regurgitation Valvular stenosis A condition in which there is a narrowing, stiffening, thickening, fusion or blockage of one or more valves of the heart. Valve Disorders

105. Circulatory System Disorders Heart Murmur A whooshing sound between the heart beats The whoosh is an extra noise that blood makes as it flows through any of the heart's chambers or valves or even through a hole within the heart More than half of all children have a heart murmur at some time in their lives and most of these don't mean anything is wrong Normal Heart Valve ClosedOpened Problems Closing Problems Opening

106. Circulatory System Disorders Heart Murmur Innocent heart murmurs can occur when blood flows more rapidly through the heart - such as during physical activity or exercise, pregnancy, fever, anemia, from aging or even heart surgery Over time, innocent heart murmurs may disappear Abnormal heart murmurs are caused by structural defects in the heart…. congenital heart defects, valve abnormalities, or holes in the heart Some abnormal defects can be treated with medicines while others require surgical repair

107. Circulatory System Disorders Aneurysm Localized, blood-filled dilation (bulge) of a blood vessel caused by disease or weakening of the vessel wall Most commonly occur in arteries at the base of the brain and in the aorta Can burst and lead to death at any time

108. Bill Nye Video Blood & Circulation Blood & Circulation

109. Blood Vessel Microscope Slide

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