1. 第二章 生物学特性 Chapter2 Biological Characteristic 一, 本章重点是基本概念和名词 : 1. 两性生殖 sexual reproduction 2. 孤雌生殖 parthenogenesis 3. 幼体生殖 paedogenesis 4. 多胚生殖 polyembryony 5. 变态 metamorphosis 6. 龄期 stadium or instar 7. 羽化 emergence 8. 补充营养 supply nourishment 9. 多型现象 polymorphism 10. 世代, 世代重叠 generation overlapping 11. 休眠 dormancy, 滞育 diapause 12. 日出性 diurnal insect 和夜出性昆虫 nocturnal insect 13. 趋性 taxis, 迁飞 flying 14. 变态类型, 卵的类型, 根据刺激源可将趋性分为什么 ?

2. 第二章 生物学特性 Chapter2 Biological Characteristic 二. 昆虫的生长与发育 The Growth and Development of Insects Eggs: Insect eggs differ in shape and color, and some are ornamented with ridges, spines, or other processes. Most insects lay their eggs in a situation where the young on hatching will have conditions suitable for development. Many lay their eggs in characteristic masses, and a few cover their eggs with a protective material of some sort. The eggs of some insects develop internally, and the young are born alive. Growth: The Growth of an insect is accompanied by a series of molts, in which the exoskeleton (outer shell) is shed and renewed. Insects change in form as they grow, and the amount and character of this differ from group to group. This change is called metamorphosis( 变态 ).

3. 第四章 昆虫发生与环境的关系

4. 第二章 生物学特性 Chapter2 Biological Characteristic 二. 昆虫的生长与发育 (egg larva pupa adult) The Growth and Development of Insects 变态 (metamorphosis): Successive instars differ not only in size but in other features as well. This change during growth (metamorphosis ) is relatively slight in some insects, very marked in others. There are 2 principal types of metamorphosis---simple and complete. Simple metamorphosis: In this type the wing develop externally during the early instars, compound eyes are present in the early instars if they are present in the adult, and there is no prolonged resting stage before the last molt. The immature instars of insects with this type of metamorphosis are called nymphs. Complete metamorphosis: The eggs of insects with complete metamorphosis hatch into a wormlike stage called a larva. The larvae of insects vary in appearance: some have legs and others are legless and some lack a well- developed head. Larvae do not have compound eyes(but may have ocelli), and if the adult is winged the wing begin their development in the larval stage but develop internally. The larval stage lasts from a few to several instars, increasing in size and sometimes changing in color or other characters. After the molt of the last larval instar the insect changes to what is called a pupa. Pupae are usually inactive. They do not feed, and are sometimes enclosed in a protective covering, which may be a conoon formed by the last larval instar before it molted or may be a puparium (formed of larval exoskeleton).

5. 三 昆虫的生活史 (Life history) Life history: most insects in our area have a single generation a year. The adults are present for a limited time during some part of the year, and the winter is passed in a dormant state. Insects overwinter in different stages– some as eggs, some as nymphs, some as larvae, some as pupae, and some as adults. A period of dormancy at low temperature is often an essential feature of the life cycle. Many insects will not complete their development unless exposed to low temperature. Generation: Some insects regularly have 2 generation a year and others may have several—continuing to reproduce as long as weather conditions are favorable. A few require more than a year to complete their development. Many of the larger insects in northern areas take 2 or 3 years; the record holders are some of the periodical cicadas( 蝉 ), which take 17 years. 成虫 (adult): Adults of most insects live only a short time, ordinarily from a few days to a few weeks. An overwintering adult lives several months, and the queens of some socil insects can live several years. Many insects that are shot-lived as adults do not feed in the adult stage.

6. 第四章 昆虫发生与环境的关系

12. Homework Chapter2 Biological Characteristic 一, 本章重点是基本概念和名词 : 1. 两性生殖 sexual reproduction 2. 孤雌生殖 parthenogenesis 3. 幼体生殖 paedogenesis 4. 多胚生殖 polyembryony 5. 变态 metamorphosis 6. 龄期 stadium or instar 7. 羽化 emergence 8. 补充营养 supply nourishment 9. 多型现象 polymorphism 10. 世代, 世代重叠 generation overlapping 11. 休眠 dormancy, 滞育 diapause 12. 日出性 diurnal insect 和夜出性昆虫 nocturnal insect 13. 趋性 taxis, 迁飞 flying, 假死性 feign death? 14. 变态类型, 卵的类型, 足的类型, 蛹的类型 ? 15. 根据刺激源可将趋性分为什么 ? 16.. 螨类与昆虫的区别 ?

13. 测验题 ( 三 ) （ 15 分钟） 1. 两性生殖？ 2. 孤雌生殖？ 3. 多胚生殖？ 4. 变态？ 5. 龄期？ 6. 羽化？ 7. 补充营养？ 8. 休眠和滞育有什么区别？ 9. 趋性？根据刺激源可将趋性分为 什么 ? 10. 螨类与昆虫的区别