1. The Civil Rights Era

2. Segregation The isolation of a race, class, or group.

3. Integration The ending of separation of different races.

4. Segregation and Integration Introduction

5. Equality in Education The Civil War did not end discrimination of African Americans in the United States. Segregation, or the separation of different races, took place all across the country in public schools. There were schools for white children and schools for black children.

6. Equality in Education Two major Supreme Court cases on segregation. 1. Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896 “Separate but equal” public facilities were legal. Segregation laws were upheld because of this decision, including segregation in education.

7. Segregation in the U.S.

8. Equality in Education The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) worked to challenge the laws on segregation in education. 2. Brown vs. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas, 1954. 7 year old Linda Brown not allowed to attend an all white Elementary school just blocks from her house.

9. Equality in Education Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP appealed the case all the way to the Supreme Court. Marshall, the chief lawyer for the NAACP, argued that segregation was “inherently unequal.” Segregated schools were not and could not be equal to white schools. He argued that segregated schools violated the 14 th Amendment.

10. The 14 th Amendment

11. The Decision in Brown vs. Board of Education

12. The Decision On May 17, 1954, the Court unanimously ruled that it was unconstitutional to separate school children by race. This decision reversed the decision in Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896. Plans were made for integrating public schools.

13. Integrating the Schools The court ordered that integration be carried out “with all deliberate speed.” This means as fast as possible. In parts of the South, some leaders did not follow the order to integrate. These leaders vowed to keep African Americans out of their white schools.

14. Integrating the Schools Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas did not follow the order to integrate. A federal judge ordered the all white school to admit African American students. Orval Faubus, the governor, called in the National Guard to prevent African Americans from entering the school.

15. Integrating the Schools Armed members of the National Guard turned away 9 African American students. “He raised his bayonet, and then the other guards moved in and raised their bayonets.” – Elizabeth Eckford, 15 Dwight Eisenhower was President. He knew it was his duty to enforce the law.

16. Integrating the Schools Eisenhower warned the governor and ordered him to admit the students. Faubus removed the National Guard. Eisenhower sent soldiers to Little Rock to protect the students. With the federal troops there, the nine African Americans entered the school.

17. “The Little Rock Nine”

19. Review True or False? 1. Segregation is the ending of separation by race. FALSE!

20. Review True or False? 2. Thurgood Marshall was the chief lawyer for the NAACP. TRUE!

21. Review True or False? 3. Plessy vs. Ferguson ruled that separate but equal public facilities were legal. TRUE!

22. Review True or False? 4. Thurgood Marshall argued in Brown vs. Board of Education that segregation violated the 14 th Amendment. TRUE!

23. Review True or False? 5. Segregation was mostly in the northern states. FALSE!

24. Review True or False? 6. Southern states quickly followed the order to integrate their schools. FALSE!