2. 1.8 million ED visits yearly in US 100 million lost school/work days Can develop at any age 50% symptomatic by age 6

3. Pathophysiology—Complex Airway Inflammation Intermittent Airflow Obstruction Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness

4.  Bronchomotor tone balance of adrenergic and cholinergic systems  Beta 2 agonists (Albuterol) ◦ Direct bronchodilitation  AntiCholinergic agents (Atrovent) ◦ Decreases secretions ◦ Bronchodilation  Beta 1 agonists (Epinephrine)

5.  Traditional Prehospital Uses ◦ Cardiac (torsades, pulseless v-fib) ◦ OB (PIH,toxemia, ecclampsia, Preterm labor) ◦ Hypomagnesemia

6.  Smooth Muscle Relaxation ◦ Decreases influx at calcium channels ◦ Decreases neuromuscular transmission via decreased acetylcholine release at motor endplate  Renal Excretion

7.  Dose 2gm IV over 10 -20 min ◦ Dilute in 100cc NS  Which patients benefit? ◦ Prolonged, severe asthma with incomplete response to initial therapies  How do they benefit? ◦ Resolution of bronchospasm ◦ Lower rates of hospitalization

8.  No Standardized Definition of “Prolonged and Severe” available for EMS  In general—pts in distress and failing to improve with standard initial therapies

9.  Side Effects: ◦ CNS and respiratory depressant in BIG doses ◦ Vasodilitation – hypotension  Flushing, sweating  nausea ◦ Decreased contractility and heart block (Know where your CaCL is…)

10. Who Can it Hurt? Patients on Digoxin Patients with PreExisting Heart Block Patients with Renal Impairment