1. What Matlab can do for me? Matlab stands for MATrix LABoratory Matlab is a software package for high-performance numerical computation and visualization. It provides an interactive environment with hundreds of built-in functions. User can write his own functions also in Matlab. Matlab also provides an interface (external) to run the C and Fortran codes from within Matlab. There are several optional toolboxes in Matlab. (eg) Image Processing, Neural Networks, Distributed Computing, Data Acquisition, Video processing, etc.

2. Features of Matlab The basic building block of Matlab is matrix. The fundamental data-type is array. Vectors, scalars, real and complex matrices are handled automatically. We need not declare the dimensions of a matrix. In Matlab, built-in functions are optimized for vector operations and hence they can run faster. Matlab supports many platforms such as Windows, AIX, HP UX, IRIX, Linux and Solaris operating systems.

3. Matlab Desktop The Matlab desktop is the main MATLAB application window. It contains 5 sub windows: The command window The Workspace Browser The current directory window Command history window One or more Figure windows (shown only user displays a graphics)

4. Command Window & Workspace Browser Command window is the place where the user types Matlab commands and expressions at the prompt (>>). It is the place where the outputs of those commands are displayed. Workspace browser is a place where the set of variables (created by the user) and the information about them are displayed. We can do various things such as plotting, by clicking on a variable and then using the right button on the mouse to select our option.

5. Current Directory Window and Command History Window Current Directory window is a place where all our files from current directory are listed. By right clicking on a file here, we can run m-files, rename, delete, etc. Command history window is a place where all commands typed on Matlab prompt in command window are recorded even across multiple sessions. We can select commands from this window with the mouse and execute it in command window by double clicking on it. We can also select a set of commands from this window and create a new m-file by right clicking the mouse.

6. Graphics and Edit Window Graphics window: The output of all graphics commands typed in command window are flushed to the graphics or Figure window. It is a separate gray window with default white background color. User can create many figure windows (memory should allow). Edit window: This is the window where we write, edit, create and save our own programs in files called ‘m-files’. (select ‘Desktop’ menu and click ‘Editor’ sub option). We can also type ‘edit’ at the command prompt.

7. Help in Matlab We can also use our own editor. In Matlab, at the prompt, one can type ‘!’ followed by local operating system commands. On-line documentation: Matlab provides on-line help for all its built-in functions and programming language constructs. The commands lookfor, help, helpwin and helpdesk give on-line help. >> lookfor im2bw (gives only brief details) >> help im2bw (gives detailed information) >> helpwin im2bw (creates a separate window and displays detailed information) Demo: Typing demo at the Matlab prompts to invoke the demonstration program.

8. Output Display & Command History Matlab is case-sensitive. Many Matlab commands and built-in functions are typed in lowercase letters. Output Display: A semicolon at the end of a command supresses the screen output, except for graphics and on- line help commands. To instruct Matlab to show one screen of output at a time, we have to type more on at the Matlab prompt. >> more on >> help im2bw Command history: Matlab saves previously typed commands in a buffer. These commands can be recalled with the up-arrow key. We can also recall a previous command by typing the first few characters and then pressing the ↑ key.

9. File types Matlab has 3 types of files for storing. They are M-files, Mat-files and Mex-files. M-files: These are standard ASCII text files, with a.m extension to the filename. There are 2 types of.m files. They are script files and function files. All built-in functions in Matlab are M-files. Mat-files: These are binary data-files with a.mat extension to the filename. These are created by Matlab when we save data with the save command. The data is written in a special format that only Matlab can read. savefile = 'test.mat'; p = rand(1, 10); q = ones(10); save(savefile, 'p', 'q') They are loaded into Matlab with the load command. >> load('test.mat') Mex-files: These are Matlab-callable Fortran and C programs, with a.mex extension to the filename.

10. Important General Commands Who -lists variables currently in the workspace Whos-lists variables currently in the workspace with their size What-lists m-, mat- and mex-files on the disk Clear-clears the workspace, all variables are removed Clear all-clears all variables and functions from workspace Clear x y z-clears only variables x, y and z

11. Important General Commands clc, home-clears command window clf-clears figure window ~c (control-c)-local abort, kills the current command execution quit, exit-quits matlab

12. Simple Matlab Commands The result of an unassigned expression is saved in the default variable ‘ans’ >> 7 + 5 ans = 12 We can assign the value of an expression to a variable. >> x = 7 + 5 x = 12 A semicolon at the end suppresses screen output. We can call the value of x by typing x. >> theta = acos(-1); theta = 3.1416 The floating point output display is controlled by format >> format long >> theta theta = 3.14159265358979 Matlab recognizes the letters i and j as imaginary number. A complex number is represented as 2 + 5i or 2 + 5*j

13. Matlab for image processing Matlab has set of functions for processing multidimensional arrays of which images are special case. Image Processing Toolbox (IPT) is a collection of functions that extend the capability of MATLAB. In many image processing books, the image origin is defined to be at (x,y) = (0,0). But toolbox uses the notation (r,c) to indicate rows and columns. Here the origin of the coordinate system is at (r,c) = (1,1). The variables in Matlab must begin with a letter and contain only letters, numerals and underscores.

14. Reading an Image We use imread function to read an image in Matlab. Its syntax is: imread(‘filename’) The supported file formats here are: FormatDescriptionExtension ----------------------------------- TIFFTagged Image File Format.tif,.tiff JPEGJoint Photographic Experts Group.jpg,.peg GIFGraphics Interchange Format.gif BMPWindows Bitmap.bmp PNGPortable Network Group.png XWDX Window Dump.xwd

15. Reading an Image >> f = imread(‘cameraman.tif’); Here we use single quotes (‘) to delimit the string filename. The semicolon suppresses output. If it is not used, MATLAB displays the result of the operation at that line. Here imread reads file from the current directory. To read an image from a specified directory, we need to given full or relative path of the directory in filename. >> f = imread(‘d:\dip\cameraman.tif’);

16. Size of an Image The function size gives the row and column dimensions of an image: >> f = imread('cameraman.tif'); >> size(f) ans = 256 256 >> [M N] = size(f); This command stores the number of rows in M and columns in N. The whos function displays some more information about an array. >>whos f Gives NameSizeBytesClass ------------------------- f512 X 51225588unit8 array

17. Displaying Images The function imshow is used to display images in MATLAB. The syntax is: imshow(f, G) where f is an image and G is the number of intensity levels used to display it. If G is omitted, it defaults to 256 levels. The syntax: imshow(f, [low high]) displays as black values less than or equal to low and as white all values greater than or equal to high. >> f = imread('cameraman.tif'); >> imshow(f, [50 100]) The syntax: imshow(f, [ ]) sets variable low to the minimum value of array f and high to its maximum value. This form of imshow is used when we have low dynamic ranges or we have positive and negative values.

18. Displaying Images The function pixval is used to display the intensity values of individual pixels interactively. This function displays a cursor overlaid on an image. As the cursor is moved, the coordinates of the cursor position and its intensity values are shown on a display that appears below the figure window. If the left button on the mouse is clicked and then held pressed, pixval displays the Euclidean distance between the initial and current cursor locations. Clicking the X button on the cursor window turns it off. To keep the first image and output a second image, we use function figure as follows: >>imshow(f), figure, imshow(g) This command displays both images.

19. Writing Images Images are stored in a hard disk using the function imwrite. Its syntax is: imwrite(f, ‘filename’) The format of the file can be specified as a third input argument here. >>imwrite(f, ‘newcameraman’,’tif’) (or) >>imwrite(f, ‘newcameraman.tif’) When there is no path information, the file is stored in the current directory.

20. More on imwrite The imwrite syntax applicable only to JPEG images is : imwrite(f, ‘filename.jpg’, ‘quality’, q) Here q is an integer between 0 and 100 (the lower the number the higher the degradation due to JPEG compression). >> imwrite(f, ‘camearaman.jpg’, ‘quality’, 25). To get an idea of the compression and to get other image details, we use: >> imfinfo cameraman.jpg This command gives info about date of modification, filesize, format, width, height, bitdepth, colortype, etc. >> K = imfinfor(‘cameraman.jpg’);

21. Computing the compression ratio Here we store the output of imfinfo into a structure variable called K for future usage. Using the dot operator one can access the fields of a structure variable. (eg) the image image height is available in the field K.height >> K = imfinfo(‘cameraman.gif’); >> image_bytes = K.Width*K.Height*K.BitDepth/8; >> compressed_bytes = K.FileSize; >> compression_ratio = image_bytes/compressed_bytes Contents of a figure window are exported to disk: We use the File pull-down menu of the figure window and choose File menu and Export Setup submenu and click Export button. Now user can select a location, file name and format.

22. Image Types The toolbox supports 4 types of images: Intensity images, binary images, indexed images and RGB images. Of these, the first 2 types are very frequently used. Intensity Images These images are also called as ‘Gray scale images’. Here the intensity values are represented by 8 bits. Hence we have 2^8 = 256 possible shades of black and white colors. The lowest one namely black has a value of 0 and the highest one namely white has a value of 255. If the image is of class double, the values are floating point numbers. Values of scaled, class double intensity images are in the range [0,1] by convention.

23. Binary Images It is one of the very frequently used image types. Here the intensity value can either be 0 (black) or 1 (white). Hence we need only one bit to represent it. A binary image is a logical array of 0s and 1s. A binary image is a logical array of 0s and 1s. A numeric array is converted to binary using function logical. B = logical(A) To test if an array is logical, we use the function: islogical(C) If C is logical, this function returns a 1, otherwise it returns a 0.

24. Indexed Images Here all possible colors that are present in a given image are identified and indexed in a table. Each of these indexes will have the amount of red, green and blue compositions required to generate that color. Then in the image matrix we store only the index values (which may require only lesser number of bits). Hence this approach saves space for storage.

25. RGB Images This is one of the widely used color image types. Here the intensity of each image pixel is represented as a combination of Red, Green and Blue components. Each of these components will have 256 shades (represented by 8 bits). Hence each pixel requires 3*8 = 24 bits. The total number of possible colors can generate here is 2^24 = 16.6 million colors.